Semi-Final Flashcards
(394 cards)
1
Q
Caused by different events but both result in flooding and damage to coastal areas
A
Tsunamis and storm surges
2
Q
Walls of water that quickly come on shore and can cause massive destructions
A
Tsunamis and storm surges
3
Q
We can predict days before it occurs unlike ___
A
Storm surge
Tsunamis
4
Q
Elevated sea levels produced by intense marine low pressure systems
A
Storm surges
5
Q
They are at times of high tides can lead to coastal flooding and are often accompanied by large ocean waves
A
Storm surges
6
Q
Abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide
A
Storm surges
7
Q
Two main meteorological factors contributing to a storm surge
A
Long fetch of winds spiraling inward towards the storm
Low-pressure- induced some of water drawn up under and trailing the storm’s center
8
Q
Cause of storm surge
A
Strong winds in a hurricane or tropical storm
9
Q
Low pressure of the storm has minimal contribution
A
Storm surge
10
Q
Occur far less often than storm surge and bring with them much more loss of life and damage
A
Tsunamis
11
Q
Cause of tsunamis
A
Earthquakes or seismologic activity
12
Q
It can reach thousands of miles whew storm surge occurs right along the coastline
A
Tsunamis
13
Q
The wind circulation around the eye of a hurricane blows on the ocean surface and produces a vertical circulation in the ocean
A
Storm surge
14
Q
In deep water, there is nothing to disturb this circulation and there is very little indication of storm surge
A
Storm surge
15
Q
They are immense sea waves (10 meters or more), which are produced by underwater events such as earthquakes, mudslides and volcanic eruptions
A
Tsunamis
16
Q
Once the hurricane reached shallower waters near the coast, the vertical circulation in the ocean becomes disrupted by the ocean bottom
A
Storm surge
17
Q
The water can no longer go down, so it has nowhere else to go but up and inland
A
Storm surge
18
Q
In general, it occurs where winds are blowing onshore
A
Storm surge
19
Q
Occur near the “radius of maximum winds” or where the strongest winds of the hurricane occur
A
Storm surge
20
Q
They start out small in the open seas but amplify in size as they reach shallow water
A
Tsunamis
21
Q
An earthquake generates tsunami hit the south coast of Newfoundland, 28 people died
A
Tsunamis
22
Q
They can reach thousands of miles where storm surge occurs right along the coastlines
A
Tsunamis
23
Q
Energy dependent
A
Tsunamis
24
Q
It doesn’t matter what hemisphere they occur in
A
Tsunamis
25
Once an earthquake happens scientist can predict where the tsunami might make landfall based on the size of the ocean
Tsunamis
26
It can take 8-10 hours to travel long distances
Pacific Ocean
27
It can make landfall in under 3 hours
Tsunamis
28
Types of Tsunamis
Local tsunamis
Regional tsunamis
Distant tsunamis
29
This is a tsunamis where its destructive effects are experienced on coasts within 100 km from the source of the tsunamis
Local tsunamis
30
Distant tsunamis are also referred to as
Tele-tsunami or ocean-wide tsunamis
31
In such cases, the travel time for the local tsunami is generally
Less than one hour
32
A tsunami capable of destruction in a particular area which lies between 100 km-1000 km form the source of the tsunami
Regional tsunami
33
They are especially dangerous
Local tsunamis
34
Regional tsunamis can take between __ to reach the affect shoreline
1-3 hours
35
The most destructive tsunamis
Local or regional
36
This type of tsunamis may reach a nearby shore in less than ten minutes
Local tsunami
37
When a tsunami is formed, the waves generally radiate and move in opposite directions
Distant tsunamis
38
In this case, a local tsunami can impact on coastlines which are close to the tsunami source
Distant tsunami
39
In such cases, there is not sufficient time __ or for local authorities to issue an official tsunami warning
Local tsunami
| Tsunami warning Center
40
They should therefore take life-saving action as indicated in the sign based on the shaking of the ground which is a warning that tsunami may be imminent
Coastal residents and users
41
The waves which are moving in other directions away from the source of the tsunami, can continue to travel across the entire ocean basins as distant tsunamis with sufficient energy to cause additional casualties and destruction on far away shores
Distant tsunamis
42
These types of tsunamis allow more time for the Warning Center to collect data and issue precise bulletins and for local officials to communicate warning information and alert the vulnerable populations
Distant tsunamis
43
One of the documented distant tsunamis to affect the Carribean
November 1, 1755
44
This tsunami happened in Great Lisbon Eartquake in the Azores fracture zone (near Portugal)
8.7 magnitude
45
This tsunami crossed the Atlantic and was observed throughout the region from Barbados to Antigua and as far west as Cuba, Waves some 2-10m Hugh were generated and continued to arrive for many hours
Great Lisbon Earthquake
46
It struck central Philippines and unleaded winds of over 300 kilometers per hour and "tsunami like" waves, causing devastation that caught emergency planners in the country off-guard
Typhoon Haiyan
47
The concept is based on the Great Lisbon Earthquake
Cartoon Warning Booklet
48
One of the strongest storms ever recorded Haitian killed an estimated
10,000 people
49
The DOST has identified the areas at risk of storm surges due to approaching Super Typhoon "Ruby"
Project NOAH
50
2nd Diverse mangrove in the world
Pagbilao Experimental Mangrove Forest, Palsabangon
51
Threat to mangrove
Flash flood
Garbage
Fishpond conversion
52
Small artificiality bodies of water
Fishpond
53
Bans cutting of mangrove
Republic act 9161
54
World's focal point of marine biodiversity
Philippines
55
7 best diving sites in the Philippines
```
Siquijor
Puerto Galera
Honda sound- Puerto Princesa, Palawan
Anilao, Mabini, Batangas
Apo Reef, Occudental Mindoro, West Philippines sea
Tubbataha reef
```
56
Spiritualist conventions and customs can be found in this island, witchcraft
Island of flame, Central Visayas
57
3000 types of species
40 plunge destination
Situated in Bohol
Balicasag Island
58
World's second biggest bukdering coral reef
Apo reef
59
One of the world's eight plunging spots
Tubbataha
60
Acid rain
Acidic ocean
61
NIHL
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
62
Types of personal pollution
```
Food additives
Drug abuse
Smoking
Alcohol
Cosmetics
```
63
Types of noise pollution
Industrial noise
Transport noise
Neighborhood noise
64
Substances added to food to improve its flavor, color, texture or resistance to spoilage,
Food additives
65
it enhances the shelf-life if food products, it also makes food attractive to consumers
Food additives
66
They are substances added on purpose to perform specific functions.
Intentional
67
Types of food additives
Intentional
Incidental (Unintentional)
Natural or Artificial,
68
A very common example of intentional.
Salt
69
They are substances which become part if a food product through some phase if production, processing, storage or packaging.
Incidental additives
70
They are substances that are produced synthetically such as saccharin, and cyclamate sweeteners.
Artificial
71
It is a substance used to treat a disease.
Drugs
72
It can have undesirable effects. This might happen if it is taken in too large quantities or for too long period of time.
Medicine
73
It are needed to prevent or cure disease.
Medicine
74
There are drugs which are regulated and some are restricted.
Medicine
75
These are those which can be taken by a patient but under the administration of his physician.
Regulated drugs
76
It means the dosage required is just enough to produce the particular effect needed
Regulated
77
It means that if the drug is being used) it may produce harmful effect or might even kill a person
Restricted
78
It is dangerous to our health because it can affect to our lungs.
Smoking
79
Two types of smoking
Active
| Passive
80
It is the inhaling of smoke by the smoker himself
Active
81
It is the inhaling of smoke by non-smokers in some smoke-filled places.
Passive smoking
82
There are two different kinds of smoke
Exhaled mainstream smoke
| Side-stream smoke
83
It comes from the lungs of people exhaling smoke
Exhaled mainstream smoke
84
Wafts coming from burning tip of a cigarette. More dangerous
Side stream smoke
85
It is a chronic disorder characterized by an uncomfortable need to drink alcohol beverages.
Alcoholism
86
The disease is a serious form a drug abuse since it alters the functions in causing accidents particularly in the road.
Alcoholism
87
It can damage the liver leading to a condition known as __.
cirrhosis
88
Alcohol damage the hearts muscle cells causing __. The disease is called __characterized by weak contraction of the heart.
eventual deterioration
| alcoholic cardiomyopathy
89
Alcohol can cause inflammation of the nerves known as __. It causes intense pain in the affected part.
peripheral neuritis
90
It is the chemical substances that can be harmful to us.
Cosmetic
91
For example, shampoos, creams, ointments and phenylenediamine in hair dyes can cause allergic contact __, a kind of skin allergy.
Cosmetics
| dermatitis
92
It is sound with a high intensity sound caused by industry machines.
Industrial noise
93
Sources of such noise pollution is caused by machines from machines in various factories, industries and mills. Noise from mechanical saws and pneumatic drills is unbearable and a nuisance to the public.
Industrial noise
94
The Indian Institute of Oto-Rino Laryngology, Chennai reported that increasing industrial pollution damages the hearing ability by atleast 20%.
Industrial noise
95
Workers in steel industry, who work close to heavy industrial blowers are exposed to __ for eight hours suffer from occupational pollution
112dB
96
It mainly consists of traffic noise from road, rail and aircraft. The number of automobiles on roads like motors, scooters, cars, motor cycles, buses, trucks and diesel engine vehicles have increased enormously in the recent past further aggravating the problem of __.
Transport noise
97
Noise levels in most residential areas in metropolitan cities is hovering around the border line due to increased vehicular noise pollution. This high level of noise pollution leads to deafening in the elderly.
Transport noise
98
It is 100 percent preventable
NIHL
99
It is the only type of hearing loss that is completely preventable.
NIHL
100
The maximum safe threshold for humans is __. For those who work above the limit, in the long run will have a hearing loss.
80 decibels
101
The most common and easiest ways to prevent NIHL in your own home is to __
sound proof your space,
keep noisy machines away from living areas and
limit your time spent with prolonged use of noise.
102
Here are some side effects of noise pollution
Anxiety
Emotional and behavioural stress
Increased chance of headache, high blood pressure and heart failure
Damage to liver, brain and heart
Increased heart rate, contriction of blood vessels and dialation of pupils
Distrubances in the nervous system
Insomnia
Increase in cholesterol levels
103
Large families sharing a small space
Congested housing
104
Houses next to busy traffic, trains or aeroplanes
Transportation
105
Air conditioning units or generators
Household
106
Music headphones, bass sound systems or loud neighbours
Social
107
as sound travels through cracks, these spaces should be packed with sound absorbing material
Sound insulation
108
Protect your house from outside noise before it can enter your yard
Sound proof walls
109
It help to reduce noise to a considerable extent
Plant trees
110
means the harmful effect of a bad and improper lifestyle on the human body which can lead to diseases and disorders.
Personal pollution
111
Some causes of personal pollution and their solutions include
using too many chemicals when gardening and not disposing of them properly, as this contributes to infected water systems. In addition, people who allow their drains to clog with rubbish, pet waste and other substances contribute to urban stormwater runoff, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is, therefore, important to find green disposal methods. Both individuals and businesses engaging in incorrect chemical disposal pollute stormwater, which includes antifreeze and petrol. Some local governments offer waste removal services, to prevent this from happening. When washing clothes, households should use detergents that are low in phosphorous, and septic tank owners should pump them every 3 to 5 years.
112
Tips to reduce noise pollution
Avoid use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides especially during rainy season
· Avoid applying excessive amounts of these chemicals. If you have to use them, make sure to read the label and use them correctly.
· Wash your vehicles on grass so that the detergents soak into the lawn, rather than running down your driveway into the storm drain OR take your car to a car wash where the water is recycled.
· If you change your own vehicle oil, make sure to take it to an oil recycling center.
· Pick up after your pets and dispose of their waste in your toilet
· Don't dump anything down the storm drains
113
It takes place when there is either excessive amount of noise or an unpleasant sound that causes temporary disruption in the natural balance.
Noise pollution
114
This definition is usually applicable to sounds or noises that are unnatural in either their volume or their production. Our environment is such that it has become difficult to escape noise.
Noise pollution
115
Even electrical appliances at home have a constant hum or beeping sound. By and large, lack of urban planning increases the exposure to unwanted sounds. This is why understanding noise pollution is necessary to curb it in time.
Noise pollution
116
Causes of Noise pollution
```
Industrialization
Poor urban planning
Social events
Transportation
Construction activities
Household chores
```
117
Effects of Noise pollution
Hearing problems
Health issues
Sleeping disorders
118
Most of the industries use big machines which are capable of producing large amount of noise.
Industrialization
119
Apart from that, various equipments like compressors, generators, exhaust fans, grinding mills also participate in producing big noise.
Industrialization
120
In most of the developing countries, poor urban planning also play a vital role. Congested houses, large families sharing small space, fight over parking, frequent fights over basic amenities leads to noise pollution which may disrupt the environment of society.
Poor Urban Planning
121
We people are surrounded by gadgets and use them extensively in our daily life. Gadgets like TV, mobile , mixer grinder, pressure cooker, vacuum cleaners , washing machine and dryer, cooler, air conditioners are minor contributors to the amount of noise that is produced but it affects the quality of life of your neighborhood in a bad way
Household chores
122
Like mining, construction of bridges, dams, buildings, stations, roads, flyovers take place in almost every part of the world.
Construction activities
123
They take place everyday as we need more buildings, bridges to accommodate more people and to reduce traffic congestion.
Construction activities
124
Any unwanted sound that our ears have not been built to filter can cause problems within the body.
Hearing problems
125
Our ears can take in a certain range of sounds without getting damaged. Man made noises such as jackhammers, horns, machinery, airplanes and even vehicles can be too loud for our hearing range
Hearing problems
126
Excessive noise pollution in working areas such as offices, construction sites, bars and even in our homes can influence psychological health.
Health issues
127
Studies show that the occurrence of aggressive behavior, disturbance of sleep, constant stress, fatigue and hypertension can be linked to excessive noise levels. These in turn can cause more severe and chronic health issues later in life.
Health issues
128
Loud noise can certainly hamper your sleeping pattern and may lead to irritation and uncomfortable situations.
Sleeping disorder
129
Without a good night sleep, it may lead to problems related to fatigue and your performance may go down in office as well as at home. It is therefore recommended to take a sound sleep to give your body proper rest.
Sleeping disorder
130
It is shaking of the surface of earth, caused by sudden movement in the Earth's crust. They can be extremely violent or cannot be felt by anyone.
Earthquake
131
They are usually quite brief, but may repeat.
Earthquake
132
They are the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust. This creates seismic waves, which are waves of energy that travel through the Earth.
Earthquakes
133
Types of earthquakes
Small
| Large
134
It under the ocean can cause a tsunami and can cause landslides too.
Earthquakes
135
Earthquakes related to volcanic activity may produce hazards which include ground cracks, ground deformation, and damage to manmade structures.
Volcanic earthquake
136
There are two general categories of earthquakes that can occur at a volcano:
Volcano-tectonic earthquakes and
| Long period earthquakes
137
Earthquakes produced by stress changes in solid rock due to the injection or withdrawal of magma (molton rock).
volcano-tectonic earthquakes
138
It doesn't indicate that the volcano will be erupting but can occur at anytime.
Volcano-tectonic earthquakes
139
which are produced by the injection of magma into surrounding rock.
Long period earthquakes
140
These earthquakes are a result of pressure changes during the unsteady transport of the magma.
Long period earthquake
141
How Earthquakes are formed?
It is a result of tectonic plates colliding and volcanic eruption.
142
It explains how the crust of the Earth is made of several plates, large areas of crust which float on the Mantle.
The theory of plate tectonics
143
Since these plates are free to slowly move, they can either drift towards each other, away from each other or slide past each other. Many earthquakes happen in areas where plates collide or slide past each other.
The Elastic Rebound Theory
144
They are far less common than tectonic plate related ones. They are triggered by the explosive eruption of a volcano.
Volcanic earthquakes
145
The volcanoes which are most likely to explode violently are those which produce ___.
acidic lava
146
It cools and sets very quickly when it contacts air. This chokes the volcano’s vent and blocks the escape of pressure.
Acidic lava
147
The only way a blockage can be removed is by the pressure building up until it literally explodes the blockage outward.
Acidic lava
148
Earthquakes can come in three main forms, depending on the plate movements that occur beneath the earth's surface. They could occur on a
Convergent Boundary
Divergent Boundary
Transform Fault.
149
Here, one plate is forced over another plate during movement creating a thrust fault.
Convergent boundary
150
Here, plates are forced apart each other, usually forming a Rift Zone.
Divergent boundary
151
This kind is common in ocean floors where new floors are created. An example is the Mid Atlantic Ridge.
Rift zones
152
Unlike divergent and convergent, the plates here slip by each other. This is also called Strike-Slip.
Transform fault:
153
There are 2 types of earthquakes waves and the difference lies in the way the __ are transmitted.
Seismic waves
154
It is the transfer of energy from one place to another without transferring solid, liquid or gas matter. Examples include light and sound waves.
Waves
155
During an earthquake, the waves released may be ___ depending on the speed and ways in which they travel.
“P” or “S” waves
156
They are longitudinal in nature.
P-waves
| Primary waves
157
The vibrations are along the same direction as the direction of travel.
Primary waves
| P-waves
158
Primary and P-waves is also known as
Compressional waves
159
Travel faster than S-waves.
P-waves
160
They are often travel at right angles to the direction of travel.
S-Waves
161
S-wages is also known as and example include water waves.
transverse waves
162
With this in mind, you will notice that if you are close to the point where an earthquake struck, you will feel both __ close within the same time frame.
P and S waves
163
If you are further away, you will feel the ___ first and then the __ a bit later.
P-wave
S-wave
164
Both waves can be destructive, but their study helps us to know where the earthquake struck.
P-waves
| S-waves
165
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
I
| 1.0-3.0
166
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
III
| 3:00-3.9
167
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
II
| 3.0-3.9
168
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
4.0-4.9
169
Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop
V.
| 4.0-4.9
170
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
VII
| 5.0-5.9
171
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
VI
| 5.0-5.9
172
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broke
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
VII-IX
| 6.0-6.9
173
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
VIII
| 7.0 or higher
174
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
IX
| 7.0 or higher
175
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
X
| 7.0 or higher
176
Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
XI
| 7.01 higher
177
Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air
XII.
| 7.0 or higher
178
Preparing for Earthquakes
To keep damage from earthquakes to a minimum, it is important to be prepared:
Secure furniture that may topple over easily, such as drawers and bookshelves, with braces. Do not leave items in high places.
Keep a fire extinguisher handy and make sure that you are aware of the location of the nearest fire extinguisher.
Prepare an emergency backpack (with such items as first-aid equipment, daily sundries, and valuables). In particular, be prepared to take your passport, residence card, and health insurance card with you in cases where it becomes necessary to evacuate.
Participate actively in disaster prevention drills conducted in your local community.
If you live with family, make sure to know each other’s telephone numbers and decide in advance where you should meet after a major disaster.
179
When an Earthquake Strikes
Turn off all possible sources of fire (gas equipment, electric appliances, etc.).
Open a door or window to secure an exit. Do not rush outside in a panic because there is danger of falling items, such as falling billboards.
Protect yourself by crawling under a sturdy table or desk or some other item of furniture.
Obtain accurate information from such sources as TV or radio.
Check on the safety of your neighbors and assist them if you can.
If you are outdoors, avoid going near objects that may collapse (walls, gate posts, etc.).
180
Top 10 active volcanoes in the Philippines
1. Mount Mayon-Albay
2. Taal Volcano- Batangas
3. Mount Kanlaon- Negros Oriental
4. Mount Bulusan- Sorsogon
5. Mount Makaturing- Lanao Del Sur
6. Musuan Volcano- Bukodnom
7. Hibok-Hibok- Camiguin
8. Smith Volcano- Camiguin
9. Mount Banahaw- Quezon
10. Mount Pinatubo
181
located in the province of Zambales in Central Luzon, was reawakened in 1991 producing the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century.
Mount Pinatubo
182
Two milder eruptions followed in 1992 and 1993. Its last eruption prior to 1991 is unknown.
Mt. Pinatubp
183
It has an elevation of 1,486 meters.
In July of 1990, a large 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit the __ area, which reawakened the volcano. This was first known activity in the __ area for 500 years, which is how long this volcano had been quiet.
Mount Pinatubo
184
Tied at 8th place as the most active volcanoes in the Philippines is __
Mount Banahaw in Quezon province.
185
It has an elevation of 2,158 meters and had erupted 4 times since 1730 up to 1909. The mountain is considered 'sacred' by the residents of the area.
Mount Banahaw
186
With an elevation of 688 meters above sea level had erupted 6 times already and the last known eruption of this active Philippine volcano was recorded in 1924. .
Mount Smith in Cagayan province
187
This beautiful volcano is also known as Mount Babuyan
Mount Smith in Cagayan province
188
One of the most popular volcanoes in the Philippines, had already erupted 7 times since the recorded history of the Philippines.
Mount Hibok-Hibok
189
With an elevation of 1,552 meters, this volcano’s first recorded eruption was in 1827 and the last was in 1952. It is tied with Didicas as the 7th most active volcanoes in the Philippines.
Mount Hibok-Hibok
190
Another not-so-famous volcano is __ located in the province of Bukidnon.
Musuan Volcano
191
With an elevation of only 646 meters, it is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and had erupted 8 times in a span of 21 years from 1866 to 1887. Its last threatening activity of strong seismic swarm occurred in 1976 but has not erupted since then.
Musuan Volcano
192
Not as popular as the Taal and Mayon volcanoes but __, one of the ‘top ten highest mountains in the Philippines’, is also one of the most active volcanoes in the country. It has an elevation of 1,940 meters and had erupted 10 times since 1882. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology states this volcano last erupted in 1882
Mount Makaturing
193
This volcano with an elevation of 1,565 meters had erupted more than 20 times already from 1886 up to 2016.
Mount Bulusan – Sorsogon
194
It has been closely monitored since its last eruption. This active volcano is located in the so-called “little Switzerland of the Philippines” – the province of Sorsogon. __last erupted in December 2016, sending an ash plume over 6,500 feet, (2,000 meters) into the air. it also erupted in June of 2016, and also in 2015, and 2014. Mount Bulusan is a very active volcano.
Mount Bulusah
195
With an elevation of 2.435 meters, one of the most active Philippine volcanoes .
Mount Kanlaon or Kanlaon Volcano
196
It had erupted at least 28 times already from 1886 up to present. It last major eruption happened in 1996. This August 1996 volcanic eruption trapped 24 hikers on the mountain, when the __ erupted without any warning, killing 3 of these hikers.
Kanlaon Volcano
197
It last erupted in 2016. This 2016 eruption produced a thunderous boom shooting a smoke plume into the air for 1500 meters above the crater. Fireballs also shot out of the crater causing brush fires in the area
Kanloan Volcano
198
It has always been known to be one of the most active volcanoes in the country and in fact tagged as the world’s most active smallest volcano.
Taal volcano
199
This volcano located in Batangas province had erupted 33 times from 1572 to the present.
.
Taal Volcano
200
It had its largest eruption in 1754 that lasted from May through December.The January 1911 eruption of the __ is considered as one of the most devastating of the volcano’s history killing a reported 1,335 lives. This volcanic explosion was heard over 600 miles away.
Talk volcano
201
Its last eruption occurred in July 2009 and is currently closely monitored for its abnormal activities which may result to another eruption of this small but very active volcano. It has an elevation of 400 meters.
There has not been an actual eruption of Taal Volcano since 1977, there are many earthquakes in the area and the volcano is off limits to the public. The main today is that there could be steam explosions
Talk volcano
202
Mount Mayon – Albay
Mount Mayon, one of the most impressive Philippine landmarks, with an elevation of 2,462 meters, and is the most active volcano in the Philippines. Based on recorded history of the country, this almost perfect cone volcano in Albay erupted at least 51 times from 1616 up to present. The first recorded eruption of Mount Mayon was seen in February 1616 by Dutch explorer Joris Van Spilbergen.
One of the most remarkable and most devastating eruptions of__ was its eruption in 1766 that erased the town of Cagsawa in the Philippine map. Only the bell tower of Cagsawa Church remained above the new surface. This 1766 volcanic eruption killed 2,200 people in Albay. Though other estimates put the death toll at 1,200 people killed. Ash was reported to be as deep as 30 feet (9 meters).
Its last eruption was in January 2014.
Mount Mayon
203
The study of earthquakes
SEISMOLOGY
204
It studies the frequency, type and size of earthquakes over a period of time.
Seismology
205
The study of volcanoes
VOLCANOLOGY
206
It is a geologist who studies the eruptive activity and formation of volcanoes, and their current and historic eruptions.
Volcanologist
207
The world's largest earthquake with an instrumentally documented magnitude occurred on May 22, 1960 near Valdivia, in southern Chile. It was assigned a magnitude of 9.5 by the United States Geological Survey. It is referred to as the "”
Great Chilean Earthquake
208
Most deaths that caused by earthquake,
| Was January 23, 1556 in ___
China, Shansi recorded 830,000 deaths
209
Longest record of volcanic eruptions
| __erupted 3,516 year(s) ago Where? __
Mt Etna
| Italy
210
__ is a stratovolcano on the Italian island of Sicily. With a summit height of around 3,329 m (10,921 ft 11 in) it is the largest active volcano in Europe. It is also one of the world's most active volcanoes, and has erupted around 200 times since its first recorded eruption in 1500 BCE.
Mt Etna
211
In Japanese mythology earthquakes were caused by a giant catfish
Historically it was believed that Namazu – a giant catfish – which lives submerged in mud under the Japanese islands, was responsible for earthquakes. Many believed that the catfish would thrash about, resulting in seismic activity when Kashima, a god of thunder, was not watching.
The Ancient Greeks believed that Poseidon, the god of the sea, caused earthquakes by banging on the earth with his trident when he was angry. Hindu mythology believes that the earth is held in place by eight elephants, which are in turn balanced on the back of a turtle which is standing on a snake’s coils. Any of those animals moving causes an earthquake.
212
On 25 April 2015, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake inflicted severe damage to the nation of Nepal, causing several Himalayan mountains to shrink, including Mount Everest which shrunk by one inch.
An earthquake caused Everest to shrink
213
The vast majority – in fact about 90% – of the world's earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, which is an area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
The Pacific Ocean is the root of most earthquakes
214
It is not just toads which have been observed reacting to seismic activity: before the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami in 2004, witnesses reported seeing animals and birds heading for the higher ground. Scientists think that animals may sense weak tremors before a quake, or possibly electrical signals triggered by the shifting of underground rocks.
Animals have been observed changing their behavior prior to an earthquake.
215
Ponds, canals, lakes and other standing water may give off a nasty whiff and become slightly warmer before an earthquake. This is due to gases being released underground as the plates shift. This can contribute to a change in the behavior of wildlife in the area. Scientists from the Department of Life Sciences at the Open University observed toads disappearing before an earthquake which struck Italy in 2009 – and returning afterwards. It is also believed toads detect changes in water chemistry caused by stresses in rocks.
Standing water smells before an earthquake
216
They are underwater structures made up of calcium carbonate and secreted by corals. Which are polyps that cluster in a groups
Coral reef
217
They occupy __% of the ocean floor, and house _% of all marine animals. Some common animals that live in ocean are seahorse anemone fish cuttlefish
Coral reef
1
25
218
__% of the worlds coral reefs are threatened by __. Including fertilizer, herbicides, pesticides, human derived sewage, and large amounts of sedimentation from coastal and land development.
22%
| land-based pollution
219
It is caused by natural and man-made events. Some natural events are ___.
Some Man-made event include __.
Coral Reef Degradation
hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions
Pollution, dumping trash and chemical pollution
220
Much destruction to coral reefs could be prevented with just a bit of __ for those who want to explore these interesting natural creations.
education
221
__ often inadvertently damage the reef. By simply touching coral the oils on human fingers can kill whole areas of coral reefs.
Divers, snorkelers and other sea lovers
222
__ can also damage coral reefs with carelessly dropped anchors or lines.
Boating and fishing
223
It comes in a variety of different sources, oil gas, and pesticide,
Water pollution
224
They poison coral and marine life.
Water pollution
225
They increase the level of nitrogen around coral reefs causing overgrowth of algae, which smothers reefs cutting off their sunlight.
Water pollution
226
It is the cause of runoff and storm generated precipitation.
Coral Reef bleaching
227
The known cause stressors of coral bleaching are __.
local environmental degradation
| reef overexploitation
228
Coral bleaching stages
Healthy coral
Stressed coral
Bleached coral
229
Coral and algae depend on each other to survive
Healthy coral
230
Corals have a symbiotic relationship with a microscopic algae called __ that live in their tissue
Zooxanthellae
| Healthy coral
231
These algae are the coral's primary food source and give them their coral
Zooxanthellae
| Healthy coral
232
If stressed, algae leave the coral's
Stressed coral
233
When the symbiotic relationship becomes stressed due to increased ocean temperature and pollution the algae leaves the coral
Stressed coral's
234
Causes of coral bleaching
Change in ocean temperature
Runoff and pollution
Overexposure to sunlight
Extreme low tides
235
It also floats over the top of
coral reefs and cuts off their sunlight supply, a key ingredient of what polyps need to survive.
Trash
236
Some also floats to the bottom and gets stuck on the coral reefs and damages them. And destroys homes of many sea animals and the coral reef
Trash
237
Preventive measure to Carla reef degradation
Reduce pollution.
2. practice safe diving and snorkeling. And if you dive do not touch!
3. Don’t use chemically enhanced pesticides and fertilizers
4. Pick up waste.
5. Don’t anchor on the reef.
6. Support organizations that protect coral reefs. Your support is very important.
7. Respect local guidelines when visiting reefs. Ask at local environmentally friendly businesses how to be a reef-friendly tourist.
238
They are trees or large shrubs which are salt-tolerant and grow in intertidal zones in tropical and subtropical regions
Mangroves
239
They form dense forests along many tropical and subtropical coasts, are found in __ countries and territories and are estimated to cover over __ square kilometers globally
Mangroves
123
150,000
240
The structural diversity of mangrove roots and their position at the interface between land and sea gives __ an important role as habitats for numerous species
Mangroves
241
It provide habitats for threatened species, including the endangered Bengal tiger which occurs in the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem shared by India and Bangladesh and the critically endangered hawksbill turtle.
Mangroves
242
It have also been found to act as a refuge for corals from ocean acidification
Mangroves
243
In addition, it provide a number of important benefits for surrounding habitats contributing to water quality and nutrient transfer.
Mangrove
244
It filter and trap sediment from run-off and river water before it reaches adjacent ecosystems, reducing the turbidity of the water and allowing essential light to reach ecosystems
Mangrove
245
It therefore contribute to the survival of these adjacent ecosystems and the species they support.
Mangrove
246
They are one of the world’s most threatened tropical ecosystems
Mangrove forests
247
More than __% of the world’s mangroves are already gone. The figure is as high as __% in countries such as __, while in the __ they are being cleared at a rate faster than tropical rainforests.
35%
50%
India, the Philippines, and Vietnam
Americas
248
Threats to mangrove forests and their habitats include:
```
Clearing
Over harvesting
River changes
Over fishing
Destruction of coral reefs
Climate change
Pollution
```
249
Mangrove forests have often been seen as unproductive and smelly, and so cleared to make room for agricultural land, human settlements and infrastructure (such as harbors), and industrial areas.
Clearing
250
More recently, __ for tourist developments, shrimp aquaculture, and salt farms has also taken place. This clearing is a major factor behind mangrove loss around the word
Clearing
251
Mangrove trees are used for firewood, construction wood, wood chip and pulp production, charcoal production, and animal fodder.
Over harvesting
252
While harvesting has taken place for centuries, in some parts of the world it is no longer sustainable, threatening the future of the forests.
Over harvesting
253
Dams and irrigation reduce the amount of water reaching mangrove forests, changing the salinity level of water in the forest.
River changes
254
If salinity becomes too high, the mangroves cannot survive.
River changes
255
It can also lead to mangroves drying out. In addition, increased erosion due to land deforestation can massively increase the amount of sediment in rivers.
Freshwater diversions
| River changes
256
This can overcome the mangrove forest’s filtering ability, leading to the forest being smothered
River changes
257
It facing the world’s oceans has effects far beyond the directly overfished population.
Overfishing
258
The ecological balance of food chains and mangrove fish communities can also be altered
Overfishing
259
Coral reefs provide the first barrier against currents and strong waves.
Destruction of coral reefs
260
When they are destroyed, the stronger-than-normal waves and currents reaching the coast can undermine the fine sediment in which the mangroves grow. This can prevent seedlings from taking root and wash away nutrients essential for mangrove ecosystems.
Destruction of coral reef
261
Mangrove forests require stable sea levels for long-term survival. They are therefore extremely sensitive to current rising sea levels caused by global warming and climate change
Climate change
262
Fertilizers, pesticides, and other toxic man-made chemicals carried by river systems from sources upstream can kill animals living in mangrove forests, while oil pollution can smother mangrove roots and suffocate the trees
Pollution
263
They start off as tropical thunderstorms. The strong winds pull in moisture from the oceans.
Typhoons
264
It convert the moisture into heat. The heat causes more air to flow to the centre of the storm causing __
Thunderstorm
| Evaporation
265
All the heat and air flow toward the eye creating the __
Typhoon
266
They are the most violent storms on Earth. People call these storms by other names, such as ___depending on where they occur.
Hurricanes
| Typhoons and Cyclones
267
A typhoon develops from the combination of a ___ to create a low pressure center, low vertical wind shear, and an already existing low level focus or disturbance.
warm sea surface, atmospheric turmoil, intense humidity, enough Coriolis force
268
Typhoons occur between ___, and most happen in the -. They are the most severe on the tropical cyclone scale.
December and May
| northwestern Pacific Ocean
269
The scientific term for all these storms is ___ Whatever they are called, they all form the same way.
tropical cyclone.
270
Floods can happen for many reasons.
too much rain
| infrastructure damage
271
It occurs when water overflows or inundates land that's normally dry.
Flood
272
Floods can happen in a multitude of ways. Most common is when __.
rivers or streams overflow their banks
273
Excessive rain, a ruptured dam or levee, rapid ice melting in the mountains, or even an unfortunately placed beaver dam can overwhelm a river and send it spreading over the adjacent land, called a __.
floodplain
274
It occurs when a large storm or tsunami causes the sea to surge inland.
Coastal flooding
275
It forms when water submerges a typically dry area. This occurs in various ways, commonly when bodies of water, such as rivers, rise over their banks
Flood
276
Although named differently, describe the same disaster type.
Tropical storms, cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons
277
Essentially, these disaster types refer to a large scale closed circulation system in the atmosphere which combines low pressure and strong winds that rotate ___ in the northern hemisphere and __ in the southern hemisphere.
Tropical storms, cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons
counter clockwise
Clockwise
278
The system is referred to as a "__" in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific
Cyclone
279
"" in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific
Hurricane
280
"__" in the Western Pacific.
typhoon
281
Hurricanes and typhoons are the same storm types as "___"(the local name for storms which originate in the Caribbean and China Sea region respectively).
tropical cyclones
282
It is a non-frontal storm system that is characterized by a low pressure center, spiral rain bands and strong winds.
tropical cyclone
283
The system is fueled by heat released when moist air rises and the water vapor it contains condenses. Therefore the water temperature must be
warm core storm system
| >27 °C.
284
They can be predicted several days in advance. The onset is extensive and often very destructive. These disasters are usually more destructive than floods
Cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons
285
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.
286
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.
Municipal solid waste
287
This garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes.
Municipal solid waste
288
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
Municipal solid waste
289
The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater.
Municipal solid waste
290
Garbage: the four broad categories
Organic waste
Toxic waste
Recyclable
Soiled waste
291
Kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Organic waste
292
Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Toxic waste
293
paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Recyclable
294
Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
Soiled
295
It is the global generic term for an intense circulating weather system over tropical seas and oceans.
Tropical cyclone
| 90
296
It is accompanied with very strong winds, heavy rains, and large ocean waves. Its wind circulation rotates counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
Tropical cyclone
| 90
297
On the average, there are about __Tropical Cyclones which enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) every year, and about half of that makes landfall.
twenty (20)
298
Couple of factors that could contribute to the formation of a Tropical Cyclone here in the Philippine Sea and Western Pacific Ocean.
Warm Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
Presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Existence of Tropical Disturbances (also known as Low Pressure Areas or LPAs)
Weak vertical wind shear or light winds in the upper atmosphere.
299
of at least 26.5°C with a depth of 150 feet and high moisture or humidity present in the atmosphere. The heat from the sea is therefore the main energy source for Tropical Cyclones.
Warm Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
300
It plays an important role in the formation of Tropical Cyclones as it delivers convergence of Northeasterly and Southeasterly or Southwesterly Trade winds. Its convergence will trigger a rotation of low-level winds, which then develop into Tropical Cyclones – if other elements are present.
Presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
301
When the ITCZ is very active, multiple tropical disturbances occur and it aids for development of Tropical Cyclones.
Existence of Tropical Disturbances (also known as Low Pressure Areas or LPAs) within the ITCZ.
302
If wind speeds in the upper atmosphere (20-50,000 feet ASL) are low (<20 km/hr), a tropical cyclone can develop rapidly usually within one to two days.
Weak vertical wind shear or light winds in the upper atmosphere
303
list of hazards associated with typhoons
```
Storm Surge & Coastal Flooding
Strong/High Winds
Extreme Rainfall & Inland Flooding
Eyewall Mesovortices/Miniswirls
Landslides, Mudslides, or Mudflows
```
304
It happens when ocean waves are being pushed towards the shore by the force of the wind and the intense low pressure of a tropical cyclone
Storm surge
305
A storm surge can produce __ along areas with shallow coastlines or beachfront areas.
Coastal flooding
306
Storm surges can start flooding coastal areas already, ___ prior to landfall. In fast moving typhoons, storm surge can occur very suddenly with the passage of the eye alone.
3 to 6 hours
307
It can generate storm surge height of more than 20 feet above sea level.
A Super Typhoon
308
This type of hazard is common along steep-slopes of mountains and volcanoes.
Landslides, mudslides, or mudflows
309
Tropical Cyclones can release more than __ of rain within its circulation.
20 billion cubic tons
310
When high amounts of rainfall fall along the mountain slopes, the saturated rocks, soil, and loose tree logs will start mixing up with water from the storm’s rainfall. Eventually, this could create __along its way. This type of hazard also contributes high fatalities especially along riverbanks and slope areas.
landslides, mudslides, or mudflows
311
It is a type of tropical cyclone or severe tropical storm that forms in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane
312
It is accompanied by thunderstorms, and in the Northern Hemisphere, a counterclockwise circulation of winds near the earth’s.
Tropical cyclone
313
District levels of progression as storm becomes a hurricane
Tropical disturbance
Tropical depression
Tropical storm
314
which is essentially a significant cluster of showers and thunderstorms.
Tropical disturbance
315
It is slightly more organized and the winds pick up to 25 to 38 mph (40 to 61 km/h).
Tropical depression
316
It is classified as a _ when winds reach 39 to 73 mph (62 to 117 km/h).
Tropical storm
317
The main parts of a hurricane are the __
rainbands, the eye and the eyewall
318
In the very center of the storm, air sinks, forming an "__" that is mostly cloud-free and extends 20 to 40 miles (32 to 64 km) in diameter.
eye
319
It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms that inflict some of the storm’s most severe punishment.
Eye
320
Curved bands of clouds and thunderstorms trail away from the eye wall in a spiral fashion. These __ can produce heavy bursts of rain and wind, as well as tornadoes
rainbands
321
Hurricane names are determined by the __
World Meteorological Organization in Geneva.
322
The organization maintains __ lists of alphabetical names that are used in rotation and recycled every __ years.
Six
| Six
323
There are separate lists for
Atlantic, Eastern North Pacific, Central North Pacific and other zones
324
It is a state oh high water level along a river channel or on the coast that leads to inundation of land, which is not usually submerged.
Floods
325
It can form where there is no stream, as for example when abnormally heavy precipitation falls on flat terrain at such a rate that the soil cannot absorb the water or the water cannot run off as fast as it falls
Floods
326
Types of floods
Flash floods
Riverine flooding
Overbank flooding
Flash flooding
327
It occurs when soil absorption, runoff or drainage cannot adequately disperse intense rainfall, and is usually caused by slow-moving thunderstorms.
Flash flooding
328
Flash floods are generally defined as developing in __ from rainfall to the onset of flooding.
six hours or less
329
Relatively high water levels overtop the natural or artificial banks of a stream or river.
Riverine floorings
330
The nature of riverine flooding can vary significantly in terms of __ between different locations.
cause, timing and depth
331
Coastal rivers with short, steep headwaters often have floods that rise and recede quickly.
Riverine flooding
332
Inland floods with low gradients have floods that move slowly down the river, sometimes lasting for several months.
Riverine flooding
333
There are two main types of riverine flooding:
Overbank flooding occurs when water rises overflows over the edges of a river or stream. This is the most common and can occur in any size channel — from small streams to huge rivers.
334
It is characterized by an intense, high velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice.
Flash flooding
335
They are very dangerous and destructive not only because of the force of the water, but also the hurtling debris that is often swept up in the flow.
Flash floods
336
It occurs when sea levels are elevated above the usual tidal limit due to the action of intense low pressure systems over the open ocean.
Storm surge
337
The low pressure causes sea level to rise as there is less air pressing down on the sea. Combined with gale force onshore winds, this can lead to flooding of low-lying coastal land.
Storm surge
338
Categorized of storm surge
Minor
Moderate
Major
339
A slight amount of beach erosion will occur but no major damage is expected.
Minor
340
A fair amount of beach erosion will occur as well as damage to some homes and businesses.
Moderate
341
Serious threat to life and property. Large-scale beach erosion will occur, numerous roads will be flooded, and many structures will be damaged. Citizens should review safety precautions and prepare to evacuate if necessary.
Major
342
It is caused when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing water body.
Pluvial/ Surface flood
343
One of the most common misconceptions about flood risk is that one must be located near a body of water to be at risk. ----debunks that myth, as it can happen in any urban area — even higher elevation areas that lie above coastal and river floodplains
Pluvial flooding/Surface flood
344
PAGASA classifies tropical cyclones into __, with the severe tropical storm and super typhoon categories officially added only in 2015.
5 categories
345
maximum winds of up to 61 kilometers per hour (km/h)
Tropical depression
346
maximum winds of 62 to 88 km/h
Tropical storm
347
maximum winds of 89 to 117 km/h
Sever tropical storm
348
maximum winds of 118 to 220 km/h
Typhoon
349
maximum winds exceeding 220 km/h
Super typhoon
350
forms when an advancing cold air mass displaces warmer air in its path, causing the displaced warm air to rise, which then leads to the formation of clouds and precipitation
Cold front
351
a belt near the equator where the trade winds of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere meet, usually causing low pressure areas or thunderstorms
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
352
when the center or eye of a tropical cyclone hits land
Landfall
353
region of the atmosphere in which the pressures are lower than those of the surrounding region at the same level" (WMO)
brings cloudy or rainy weather because air rises and cools near a low pressure area, causing precipitation
Low Pressure Area
| LPA
354
the area set by the WMO for PAGASA to monitor
| weather disturbances that enter PAR or develop inside PAR should be tracked by PAGASA
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
355
also known as hanging habagat
characterized by warm and humid weather with heavy rainfall, due to southwesterly winds
usually from ___ in the Philippines, but may begin in __
Southwest monsoon
June-October
Late May
356
A local-scale weather system that affects only certain areas at a time and usually lasts up to two hours only
brings moderate to heavy rain, thunder, and lightning
Thunderstorm
357
It was the 25th tropical storm to enter Filipino waters in 2013.
Haiyan
358
It is an area of intense seismic activity because it is located along the border of two tectonic plates on __ which means it is also prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
PHILIPPINES
| The Pacific Ring of Fire’
359
Typhoon Haiyan - known locally as Yolanda - hit eastern Samar Island at 8.40pm GMT on __ (4.40am 8th November local time).
7 November 2013
360
Made landfall Haiyan had sustained winds of __ and gusts of __.
147mph
| 171mph
361
If the figures from the Philippines government are correct then __ WAS NOT the strongest tropical storm to ever make landfall but it WAS the deadliest Typhoon in the history of the Philippines, a country hit on average by more than 20 tropical storms a year and prone to both earthquakes and volcanoes
Haiyan
362
Over __ were affected across __.
14 million people
| 46 provinces
363
The city of Tacloban, home to more than 220,000 people, suffered more loss of life than any other area of the Philippines.
Five million people saw their homes severely damaged or destroyed (550,000 houses destroyed and an additional 580,000 houses were severely damaged).
The Government of the Philippines said the storm resulted in over 6,201 deaths with over 1,785 people reported missing (14.01.14).
364
How many storms on average strike the Philippines every year?
On average, eight or nine tropical storms make landfall in the Philippines each year, with another 10 entering Philippine waters. In 2013, only six storms have affected the country. The worst year was 1993, when 19 cyclones pummeled the coastline.
365
What is the average death toll?
What was the worst until now?
Typhoon Reming, also known as Durian, which hit the Philippines in November 2006, was the strongest tropical cyclone to devastate the country before Haiyan, according to the World Meteorological Organization. It packed sustained winds of 193 km/h and gusts of 320 km/h, compared with sustained winds of 313 km/h and gusts of up to 380 km/h for Typhoon Haiyan.
What’s the financial cost?
The most expensive storm to have made landfall in the Philippines, December 2012’s Typhoon Bopha, killed more than 1,900 people and cost the country some $1 billion. Coming in second is Typhoon Parma, which hit in October 2009 and had a cleanup bill of more than $600 million.
Why is the damage so bad?
Situated in a vast expanse of warm ocean water on the western rim of the Pacific Ocean, the Philippines is the most exposed country in the world to tropical storms. With more than 7,000 islands, the coastline is vulnerable to storm surges. It’s also one of the poorest countries in the world, with a GDP per capita of just $4,500 in 2012. A large number of the country’s 96 million people live in areas with poor infrastructure and flimsy housing. Northern Luzon and eastern Visayas are the areas most frequently hit by tropical storms.
Eight of the top 10 deadliest cyclones to hit the Philippines had a death toll reaching between 1,000 and 2,000 people. The deadliest storm on record was Thelma, which killed around 5,100 in 1991. Authorities fear as many as 10,000 people have died in Typhoon Haiyan (known in the Philippines as Yolanda), which would make it the Philippines’ deadliest storm ever.
366
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.
367
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.
Municipal solid waste
368
This garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes.
Municipal solid waste
369
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
Municipal solid waste
370
The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater.
Municipal solid waste
371
Garbage: the four broad categories
Organic waste
Toxic waste
Recyclable
Soiled waste
372
Kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Organic waste
373
Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Toxic waste
374
paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Recyclable
375
Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
Soiled
376
It is defined as the wearing away of topsoil.
Soil erosion
377
It is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the most organic, nutrient-rich materials.
Topsoil
378
This is the layer that farmers want to protect for growing their crops and ranchers want to protect for growing grasses for their cattle to graze on.
Topsoil
379
Erosion, whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involves three distinct actions –
soil detachment, movement and deposition.
380
It is high in organic matter, fertility and soil life, is relocated elsewhere "on-site" where it builds up over time or is carried "off-site" where it fills in drainage channels.
Topsoil
381
It reduces cropland productivity and contributes to the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes.
Soil erosion
382
Various types of soil erosion
Sheet
Gully
Rill
Splash
383
Causes of soil erosion
```
Land use
Climate
Soil
Hydrology
Land forms
```
384
Humans play a major role in soil erosion through their use and abuse of natural resources, for example deforestation, grazing, arable land use, faulty farming systems, high crop intensity, housing construction, mining etc.
Land use
385
The two most important climatic factors having a direct effect on erosion are __
precipitation and wind velocity.
386
Other climatic factors have an indirect effect on soil erosion, such as __.
water balance, evapotranspiration, temperature and relative humidity
387
It affect the erosivity of rainfall by altering the soil moisture regime and the proportion of rainfall that may become surface runoff.
Indirect factors
388
It is necessary to investigate physical characteristics of rainfall, including the amount, distribution, intensity, energy load, seasonality and variability of rainfall and the formation and course of surface runoff.
Erosion control
389
The susceptibility of a soil to erosion is influenced by its __ as well as its __.
physical, hydrological, chemical and mineralogical properties
Soil profile characteristics
390
Important soil physical and hydrological properties that affect the resistance of a soil to erosion include
texture, structure, water retention and transmission properties.
391
They are important soil erosion components of the hydrological cycle.
Infiltration, surface detention, overland flow velocity, and subsurface water flow
392
The different types of flow and their velocities may be __
turbulent or laminar, steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform and influence the extent of erosion.
393
They are the important variables of landform that affect erosion processes for all types of soil erosion, e.g., splash, sheet, rill, and gully erosion
Slope gradient, slope length and shape of slope
394
Fact 1: There are more living organisms in a __ than there are people on earth.
Fact 2: __ Farm Plants and Plants Farm __.
Fact 3: __ Is Like Bulldozing a Human City.
Fact 4: Restoring __Could Stop Climate Change.
Fact 5: ___ Is Our Most Precious Resource, and It’s Almost Gone.
```
handful of soil
Soil Microorganisms
Plowing & Tilling Soil
Global Soil Health
Soil
```
