midterm

Question 1

what was the result of the seven years war and how did it affect the relationship between the parliament and the North American colonies?

Answer 1

British were the victors
the war was expensive and because of this the parliament charged the North American colonies a lot of money in taxes such as the stamp and sugar act which the colonists did not find fair because they did not have representation

Question 2

what sort of policies did the British government adopt after the seven years war?

Answer 2

they have taxes like the stamp act which charged printed goods, the revenue act which prevented merchants from evading trade duties, and the sugar act which all was to help pay for the debts

Question 3

why did the colonists feel the new taxes imposed on them by parliament was unfair?

Answer 3

they did not have representation in parliament: no taxation without representation

Question 4

how did parliament justify the taxes on the colonists?

Answer 4

parliament thought that the British and the colonists were the same, englishmen, therefore they said there was a theory of virtual representation with the British empire
the declaratory act affirmed that parliament had the right to impose taxes on the colonists

Question 5

what was the theory of virtual representation?

Answer 5

the parliament had the right to represent all of the British subjects even if they were in different districts because they were all apart of the British empire

Question 6

what global empire event led to the tea act?

Answer 6

the Boston massacre and reveres over exaggeration

Question 7

what was the significance of local committees of safety?

Answer 7

they were groups of colonists who were meant to intimidate those who were loyal to the king

Question 8

how was the local committees of safety a laboratory for democracy?

Answer 8

by disrupting the all powerful rule of parliament they decided to follow parliament with stipulations that they decided and if they were not accepted they were ready for war

Question 9

who was Thomas Paine and what did he argue?

Answer 9

he wrote Common Sense which was a book most colonists could read that pointed out of flaws of tyranny within parliament bc the rich were those in charge stepping on the backs of the poor
he argued for free elections and was against war
he drew on Lockes ideas of individuals possessing inalienable rights to life liberty and property that the government must always protect

Question 10

what was the intellectual basis for the declaration of independence?

Answer 10

common sense by Paine, enlightenment themes of self evident truths, peoples right to govern themselves, separation of powers, and Lockes life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness
all men created equal, the government gets its power form the people

Question 11

how did the declaration of independence redefine American liberty?

Answer 11

it defined them as an independent new nation as well as the idea of popular sovereignty

Question 12

what was the first written constitution of the US? and how were the powers divided? how did the national congress function under it?

Answer 12

the articles of confederation
national power was weak because centralized power was feared there was a loose union and each state had one vote regardless of size
the national congress needed 9 out of 13 states to agree to pass important laws and changes to the AOC required unanimous votes

Question 13

what were written constitutions and parliament based on and what did this lead to?

Answer 13

popular sovereignty and the rise of the centralized nation state

Question 14

how did the British view parliament and how did the colonists?

Answer 14

the colonists saw it as a system of unequal parts while the British thought they were all the same

Question 15

what was the sons of liberty and why did they come about?

Answer 15

they were colonists who revolted against the rule of the parliament by attacking those loyal to the British rule and they came about in response to what the colonists felt was unfair rule by parliament

Question 16

how did the colonists oppose the stamp act?

Answer 16

they did not trade with Britain which led to the repeal of the act

Question 17

what was the declaratory act?

Answer 17

parliament saying that they had the right to rule over the colonists

Question 18

what was the Boston massacre?

Answer 18

British troops went to the colonies to enforce the laws and a few people were murdered because of the accidental fire of a weapon, it was not a massacre, it was blown out of proportion

Question 19

what was the Boston tea party?

Answer 19

American merchants did not agree with the east India company tea exploit so they dumped it into the harbor

Question 20

what were the intolerable acts?

Answer 20

parliament trying to stop the colonists from disobeying after the Boston tea party

Question 21

what were the Townsend duties?

Answer 21

new taxes some of which involved quartering British troops

Question 22

what was the olive branch petition?

Answer 22

the last attempt of the colonists to be on the British side by stating their rules and if they were not followed they were ready for war

Question 23

How did Anti-Federalist concerns raised during the ratification process lead to the creation of the Bill of Rights?

Answer 23

Anti-Federalist concerns raised during the ratification process lead to the Bill of Rights because they wanted to change the government, which they did not like. And the Bill of Rights gave them freedom of speech and the press it gave them protection of their rights.

Question 24

what did the first written constitution of the us hope to do and what were its strengths and weaknesses

Answer 24

strengths were they could declare war make treaties with foreign nations, mediate issues between states, get funds from the states, and print and borrow money
weaknesses were no executive branch, couldn’t enforce treaties, couldn’t tax the state or the people

Question 25

what was the most significant accomplishment of the national government under it ?

Answer 25

the articles of confederation provided a unified government during the revolution, it also helped americans to see flaws within the system which gave life to the constitution, established a process where new territories could be admitted into the united states

Question 26

who were the most vocal leaders for a strong national government?

Answer 26

Madison Hamilton and mason and their allies were the federalists because they also believed in a strong national government

Question 27

what did they hope to create by building a powerful national government

Answer 27

Federalists argued for a strong national government and the protection of the people's rights. Therefore, they wanted a strong central government so that the country could be more stable and could have an economic climate that was more suited to the creation of businesses and economic growth.

Question 28

what groups were the leaders for a strong national government's allies

Answer 28

the federalists

Question 29

What was the Virginia Plan and what was the compromise given to smaller states who feared being gobbled up by the bigger states?

Answer 29

they proposed that they create a 3 branch system with checks and balances and that the states were represented based upon their population, but each state also had equivalent representation in congress no matter the population

Question 30

What were the two basic political principles embodied by the US Constitution? How do those principles dictate how the government should be structured?

Answer 30

federalism also known as a division of powers and checks and balances known as separation of power it showed that the government had different divisions of power within itself and it would be unlikely to become tyrannical because the power was separated and checked by those in different branches

Question 31

How did slavery affect each state’s representation in the House of Representatives and the Electoral College after the Constitutional Convention? What other concessions did the southern slave owners receive from the convention?

Answer 31

there was the 3/5ths compromise which accounted for the slave population which gave slave states more of a population although the slaves were not counted as full people

Question 32

Explain the arguments made by Federalists in support of the Constitution.

Answer 32

they wanted a loose representation of the constitution | required to safeguard the liberty and justice of the American people

Question 33

What were the main arguments made by Anti-Federalists against the Constitution?

Answer 33

they were scared that the government would become corrupt and turn into a tyranny and create political corruption they thought the rise of the national government would deplete the state governments there was also a lack of protection for individual liberties

Question 34

How did Anti-Federalist concerns raised during the ratification process lead to the creation of the Bill of Rights?

Answer 34

this fear of not having individual liberties was silenced with the bill of rights because some of the abstract concepts in the constitution were specifically stated and laid out the rules

Question 35

what were the three compromises needed to be reached at the constitutional convention?

Answer 35

3/5ths compromise: slave state representation electoral college: how the president is elected the great compromise: federal gov't representation

Question 36

what was the land ordinance of 1784?

Answer 36

north of the ohio river, west of the appalachian mountains, east of the mississippi river became 10 separate states that would have the same rights as the original 13 states with self governance established the criteria for new states admission into the US that would be equal to the original 13 states

Question 37

what was the land ordinance of 1785?

Answer 37

set up a system for people to buy farmland in the undeveloped west

Question 38

what was the northwest land ordinance of 1787

Answer 38

chartered a government for the northwest territory, a method for the admission of new states, and a bill of rights for the territory

Question 39

what was shays rebellion, why was it created, and what did it show about the articles of confederation?

Answer 39

a rebellion in massachusetts due to the debt crisis | it showed that the articles of confederation was too weak because they could not really stop it

Question 40

what is the virginia plan and what is the new jersey plan?

Answer 40

virginia plan: states get representation based on population which advantages bigger states set up bicameral system three branches of government new jersey plan: each state gets equal representation in congress

Question 41

what was the federalist?

Answer 41

hamilton, madison, and jay wrote these papers that were intended to get the people to want to ratify the us constitution

Question 42

what was the relevance of the phrase extend the sphere?

Answer 42

madison's idea of multiplying the diversity of interests in a large republic is the key to breaking dangerous majority factions

Question 43

What was George Washington’s view on political parties? What were the perceived dangers of political parties at the time?

Answer 43

he felt that they would be created naturally but people should be wary of them because parties serving their own interests rather than the interests of the nation

Question 44

What were the objections to Alexander Hamilton’s policies that caused the formation of an opposition party?

Answer 44

hamilton proposed the bank of the united states which would be owned by private stockholders as well as the national government to provide stability for the economy, the report on manufacturing that would pay the national debt this created a division in the federalists which included Madison and Jefferson and this division created the democratic republicans/ republicans

Question 45

Describe the coalitions behind the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party.

Answer 45

Hamiltonians remained federalists Madison and Jeffersonians were democratic republicans Jefferson represented the farmers and planters

Question 46

What is the states rights interpretation of the Constitution?

Answer 46

?? the political powers and rights granted to the states the federal government is not allowed to intervene with the powers given to the states in the 10th amendment 10th amendment: powers not listed as belonging to the federal government belong to the states

Question 47

what was the first parties system?

Answer 47

the federalist party and the democratic republican party federalists: business community democratic republican party: planters and farmers

Question 48

what was the significance of the election of 1796?!!

Answer 48

It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets.

Question 49

what was the reign of witches?

Answer 49

"old" women were burned at the stake??

Question 50

what were the virginia and kentucky resolutions?

Answer 50

kentucky resolution asserted that the states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws they both said that the alien and sedition acts were inconstitutional they argued for states rights and strict constructionalism

Question 51

What was the Revolution of 1800 and what precedent did it set for the future of the American political system?

Answer 51

jefferson defeated hamilton and hamilton supported him | it showed that popular elected governments could be changed even in times of partisan conflict

Question 52

Marbury v. Madison established the right of the Supreme Court of the United States to do what?

Answer 52

marbury had the right to the appointment but the court did not have the constitutional power to enforce it judicial review: courts had the power to strike down things that were unconstitutional

Question 53

How did the Louisiana Purchase challenge Thomas Jefferson’s strict interpretation of the Constitution?

Answer 53

he believed in strict interpretation of the constitution, but there was no statute for new territory so he accepted loose interpretation for this territory

Question 54

what is judicial review?

Answer 54

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act

Question 55

What constitutes a strict interpretation of the Constitution?

Answer 55

?? 7

Question 56

Why was Jefferson forced to reconsider his strict interpretation of the Constitution?

Answer 56

because of the louisiana purchase not having statute in the constitution

Question 57

what was the louisiana purchase?

Answer 57

the acquisition of the louisiana territory from france which gave the US control of the Mississippi River and control of New Orleans which was heavily used by farmers

Question 58

What were the innovations in transportation and communication that made the Market Revolution and the rise of the West possible? Be specific. ******

Answer 58

1820- Commonwealth system that funneled state aid to private businesses whose projects would benefit the general welfare. Transportation projects-greatest beneficiaries of the system. Westward migration created a demand for new transportation routes. The first engineering project: *The Erie Canal: altered the ecology of the region. (instant economic success- brought prosperity to farmers of central and western new york and the entire great lakes region) Northeastern manufactures shipped clothing,boots,agricultural equipment to farm families and in exchange farmers sent grain,cattle,hogs and raw materials. A national canal boom. Historians labeled the economic boom resulting from these new banking and transportation systems the market revolution. (237) *Steamboats:Halved the cost of upstream river transport and dramatically increased the flow of goods,people and news.

Question 59

What invention helped give rise to the Cotton Kingdom? How did the Cotton Kingdom expand slavery? How did it change the Jeffersonian vision of the West?

Answer 59

cotton gin- eli whitney: separated the seeds from a cotton boll which increased productivity this gave ease to their fear of slaveholders revolting he supported the expansion of slavery bc of fear of the slaveholders revolting

Question 60

How did the Market Revolution change Americans’ sense of time?

Answer 60

?? roads,turnpikes,canal and steamboats ,postal service and the telegraph helped to shrink the vast spaces of north americas. It enabled farmers and merchants to sell goods in distant markets, helped entrepreneurs coordinate business activity,aided immigrants as they relocated and created a network of information that shaped politics and culture on a national scale. Together they constituted a new social order

Question 61

Where did the two largest groups of immigrants to the United States come from between 1840 and 1860? What were the factors that drew them to America?

Answer 61

ireland and germany irish bc of the potato famine germans bc of civil unrest and unemployment ???

Question 62

what was the industrial worker?

Answer 62

a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States; founded in Chicago in 1905 and dedicated to the overthrow of capitalism; its membership declined after World War I

Question 63

who were the mill girls?

Answer 63

young industrial corporation workers in the 1800s

Question 64

what was the erie canal?

Answer 64

a canal that connected lake erie and the great lakes system to the hudson river which gave the US access to the atlantic ocean

Question 65

when was the rise in the west and whats the relevence?

Answer 65

it continued territorial expansion, industrialism, the democratic republican, and intellectual aspects

Question 66

How did Anti-Federalist concerns raised during the ratification process that lead to the creation of the Bill of Rights?

Answer 66

their fears of individual liberties being taken away led to the creation of the bill of rights which specified the more abstract powers and rules in the constitution

Question 67

Describe the Transcendentalists’ philosophy and their concept of freedom.

Answer 67

they embraced human passion and deeper insight through spiritual quest and self knowledge they believed self reliance was the only means to achieving true freedom as well as individual judgment being above institutional values

Question 68

What was the impact of the Second Great Awakening?

Answer 68

long lasting reform movements, individual salvation to religious benevolence fostered cooperation among churches

Question 69

What was the Missouri Compromise? How did the Missouri Compromise demonstrate sectional divisions over slavery’s western expansion?

Answer 69

the admission of maine as a free state and missouri as a slave state which kept the balance even between free and slave states politicians were able to preserve the union by compromising over slavery

Question 70

Explain John Quincy Adams’ nationalist philosophy.

Answer 70

proposed a progressive national program with federal funding of an interstate program of roads and canals as well as the creation of a national university endorsed clay's american system and its three elements of protective tariffs to stimulate manufacturing federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce and a national bank

Question 71

Explain the philosophy of the opposition to John Quincy Adams’ nationalist policies. What politicians led this opposition? What party arose from this opposition? What alliance did it hope to revive?

Answer 71

southern planters opposed protective tariffs (tariff of abominations) because it would raise the price of goods they didn't produce and it made it harder for britain to pay the taxes they owed for cotton to the south. smallholders feared a powerful bank because it would force them into bankruptcy Jefferson opposed them because he felt it was a monied aristocracy. Madison vetoed a bill proposing national government income from the second bank to fund improvement projects the whig party began van buren and jacksonian democratic allies wanted t o revive jefferson's political coalition which appealed to southern planters and northern farmers

Question 72

Compare and contrast the philosophical differences between the Whig and Democratic parties.

Answer 72

Whigs were in favor a big federal government, they were supported by big business and farmers near canals and big slaveowners, they saw society as a hierarchy of social classes democrats

Question 73

Explain in detail the Indian Removal Act of 1830. What prompted its passage? What Jeffersonian notion did it repudiate? How did the Indians respond? What were the results of that responses?

Answer 73

The Indian Removal Act of 1830, was passed by the Congress and President Jackson signed it. It was seen as one of Jackson's great "achievements", "Disappearing Indians". Jackson's reasoning was westerns are developing and they need land. The Indian tribes were Cherokee, Creeks, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminoles. Indian Removal Act of 1830, this act establishes reservations in Kansas and Oklahoma. The Indians didn't take it willingly and the Sauk and fox people turned Black Hawks, who were made of 500 warriors. In the end the Black Hawk were cornered and killed.

Question 74

what was individualism?

Answer 74

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. Being self reliant

Question 75

what was the Missouri controversy ?

Answer 75

When Missouri applied for formal admission as a state, it did so with a constitution which denied free blacks the right to reside in the state. Northern congressmen objected to the provision as contrary to Article IV, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which guaranteed the citizens of each state the rights of citizenship in all states. The conflict was compromised by passage of an amendment requiring Missouri to declare that no enabling legislation would be passed under their constitution in violation of Art. IV, Sec. 2, and the assent of the Missouri state legislature to the proviso.

Question 76

what was the slavery question?

Answer 76

a

Question 77

what was the election of 1824?

Answer 77

The presidential election of 1824 represents a watershed in American politics. The collapse of the Federalist Party and the illness of the "official candidate" of the Democratic-Republicans led to a slate of candidates who were all Democratic-Republicans. This led to the end of the Congressional Caucus system for nominating candidates, and eventually, the development of a new two-party system in the United States. In the election, Andrew Jackson won a plurality of both the popular and electoral vote. But John Quincy Adams became president. Four crucial elements of our election system were highlighted in the election of 1824: the nomination of candidates, the popular election of electors, the Electoral College, and the election of the president in the House when no candidate receives a majority in the Electoral College.

Question 78

what was the election of 1828?

Answer 78

Andrew Jackson was popularly elected, and was just plain popular. This made him different. Jackson was the people's president. He appealed to the common folk. He was also a democrat, and not a political insider like many of his predecessors.

Question 79

In what ways did Andrew Jackson embody the contradictions of democratic nationalism?

Answer 79

- He believed strongly in democracy, but not for native americans. He also believed African americans should either remain enslaved, or be freed and sent abroad. - Although Jackson expanded democracy the national government power decreased while state and local rights became stronger - The battle over the Tariff of 1828 was fought by Jackson vs the Southern planters. They didn't want this new tax but Jackson supported federal law over state wishes in this case. Eventually with the threat of warships and a reduction in the tax South Carolina accepted it. Jackson evidently was opposed to disunion. - Jackson's Indian Removal Act provided funds for the removal of Native Americans (which he called savages"), although it did allow for Native Americans that conformed completely to the American way of living a place in society - There were debates over whether Indians were a sovereign nation to be dealt with by the federal government, or if states could have jurisdiction over them.

Question 80

what was the trail of tears?

Answer 80

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. 4,000 Cherokee people died of cold, hunger, and disease on their way to the western lands.

Question 81

what was the relevance of the supreme court and the indians?

Answer 81

8.2

Question 82

What were the different varieties of abolitionism?

Answer 82

One of the versions of abolitionism was militant abolitionism where "a new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and demanded immediate abolition" (466). Abolitionism was more popular throughout the North than the South due to the fact that the North was more advanced, specifically in education and literacy. Because most of the North could read and write, "Antislavery leaders took advantage of the rapid development of print technology" (467), to spread the message (another form of abolitionism). Moral suasion was another form, which was when activists focused on "awakening the nation to the moral evil of slavery" (469). In doing so, "The abolitionist crusade both reinforced and challenged common understandings of freedom in Jacksonian America" (470), which was another way abolitionism was shown.

Question 83

What did the American Colonization Society advocate? What did it help establish in Africa? What were some of the reasons presented in support of this idea?

Answer 83

sACS was formed in 1817 to send free African Americans back to African as an alternative to emancipation in the U.S. It helped establish the independent nation of Liberia (west coast of Africa).

Question 84

How did the abolition movement of the 1830s differ from the American Colonization Society? What were their core beliefs? What publication helped this new abolitionist movement take root?

Answer 84

sThe abolition movement of the 1830's called for immediate and universal emancipation. Core beliefs that "all men are created equal." The Liberator helped this new abolitionist movement.

Question 85

What was moral suasion and why was it the primary method for some abolitionists?

Answer 85

s

Question 86

what was militant abolitionism?

Answer 86

a new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and demanded immediate abolition

Question 87

what was the emergence of garrison?

Answer 87

Lloyd Garrison started an abolitionist paper, The Liberator. In 1832, he helped form the New England Anti-Slavery Society. When the Civil War broke out, he continued to blast the Constitution as a pro-slavery document. When the civil war ended, he, at last, saw the abolition of slavery.

Question 88

what was the importance of slavery and moral suasion>

Answer 88

Moral suasion was used as an argument to end slavery, because the abolitionists felt that thinking people who were basically good people in America could be persuaded by argument that slavery was wrong; that it was wrong for moral reasons; that it was wrong for religious reasons; that the ideals on which the nation was founded were perverted by the institution of enslavement. What the abolitionists didn't realize was how deeply embedded in the social, economic, and political structure slavery was. They didn't realize how powerful the slaveocracy was. And they didn't realize how much racism had embedded the fabric of American life.

Question 89

what was the tariff of abominations

Answer 89

a protective tariff that protected the northern industry which the south opposed it taxed all foreign goods