Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 154 > Midterm (Ch. 1,2,3,4,6) > Flashcards

Midterm (Ch. 1,2,3,4,6) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we communicate? (needs)

A

Physical, Identity, Social and Practical needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

encode means to

A

formulate message in mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

decode means to

A

hear words, break down their meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 5 insights from the communication model?

A
  • sending and receiving are usually simultaneous
  • meanings exist in and among people
  • environment and noise affect communication
  • channels make a difference
  • there are 3 types of noise; external, physiological and psychological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Communication has a ____ and a _____ dimension

A

content and relational dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

culture is the

A

languages, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in-groups are

A

groups with which we identify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

out-groups are

A

those that we view as different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

co-culture is

A

a sub-group of an encompassing culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ethnocentrism is the

A

belief that one’s culture is superior to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prejudice is an

A

unfairly biased an intolerant attitude towards other who belong to an out group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stereotyping is

A

exaggerated generalizations about a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cognitive complexity is the ability

A

to construct a variety of different frameworks for viewing an issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

self monitoring refers to

A

the process of paying close attention to one’s own behaviour and using these observations to shape the way one behaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

self esteem is the

A

part of the self concept that involves evaluation of self worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

individualistic culture is where the

A

primary responsibility of the individual is themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

collectivistic culture is where the

A

individual feels loyalty and obligations to an in group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the self concept is subjective because of

A
  • obsolete information
  • distorted feedback
  • negative moods
  • myth of perfection
  • social expectations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cognitive conservatism is the tendency to

A

look for information that conforms to an existing self concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

breadth is the

A

range of subjects being discussed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

depth is the

A

shift from the unrevealing to the personal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

5 alternatives to self disclosure are

A
  • secrecy
  • silence
  • lying
  • benevolent lie
  • equivocation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

equivocal language is when

A

something has two or more equally plausible meanings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the perception process consists of four steps. What are they (in order)?

A

selection->organization->interpretation->negotiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are examples of selection stimulus?

A

intensity, repetition, contrast, motives and our emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

organization uses

A

perceptual schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

perceptual schema is the

A

mental framework that helps organize ideas/information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

stereotyping is the

A

exaggerated beliefs associated with a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

interpretation is the process in which you

A

make sense of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how do we interpret things?

A
  • degree of involvement
  • relational satisfaction
  • past experience
  • assumptions about human behaviour
  • expectations
  • knowledge of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

4 types of perceptual schema are (constructs)

A
  • physical constructs
  • role -
  • interaction -
  • psychological -
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do we negotiate situations?

A
  • perception is not a solitary activity
  • exchange of stories in narratives
  • clash of narratives
  • shared narratives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When perception checking, what is the outline you must follow to do it successfully?

A
  • a description of the behaviour you noticed (I saw, I heard)
  • two possible interpretations of the behaviour (maybe this or this)
  • a request for clarification about how to interpret the behaviour (what? how? why?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When building empathy what does one need?

A

open-mindedness, imagination, commitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

fundamental attribution error is the tendency to

A

judge ourselves more charitably then others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

attribution is the

A

process of attaching meaning to behaviour

37
Q

emotional theory states that emotions are…

A
  • our primary singling system
  • hard wired into humans
  • present at birth
  • ensuring of our survival
  • organizing our experience at a sub-conscious level
  • having their own logic
  • drive behaviour
  • can be adaptive or maladaptive
  • 7 universal emotional expressions
  • 8 primary emotions
38
Q

four components of emotion are

A

physiological changes, non-verbal reactions, cognitive interpretations, verbal expressions

39
Q

physiological changes due to emotions include

A

heart rate, perspiration, tense muscles, raised blood pressure

40
Q

cognitive interpretations for emotions plays an important role for emotions because they

A

determine our experience of an emotion

41
Q

non-verbal expression in emotion are

A

feelings often apparent by observable changes

42
Q

verbal expression is able to

A
  • communicate clearly about feelings
  • provide awareness of intensity of emotions
  • show reluctance or inability to express emotion (associated wth depression and unhappiness)
43
Q

parenting and emotions are connected because

A

the way parents talk to their children about emotions has strong influence on development.

44
Q

parents who encourage their child to reflect on and talk constructively…

A

report greater self confidence, increased well being and more positive relationships compared to children whose parents are dismissive of emotions

45
Q

What are the guidelines for expressing emotion

A
  • recognizing your feelings
  • choose the best language
  • share multiple feelings, recognize the difference between feeling, expressing and acting on an emotion
  • accept responsibility for your emotion
46
Q

adaptive/facilitative emotions contribute to

A

effective functioning

47
Q

maladaptive/debilitative emotions

A

hinder or prevent effective functioning

48
Q

differences in intensity and duration determines in an emotion is

A

adaptive or maladaptive

49
Q

Rational emotive therapy states that

A

the way we think contributes to our emotional state

50
Q

Irrational thinking and debilitative emotions refer to these fallacies…

A
  • perfection
  • approval
  • should
  • overgeneralization
  • causation
  • helplessness
  • catastrophic expectations
51
Q

When delivering a whole message you need to state what 4 things?

A
  • What you see/hear
  • what you think
  • feel
  • need
52
Q

What 4 rules govern language?

A
  • Phonological
  • Syntactic
  • semantic
  • pragmatic
53
Q

Phonological rules entails how

A

sounds are combined to form words (pronunciation)

54
Q

Syntactic Rules are the way

A

symbols can be arranged (word order)

55
Q

Semantic rules are the

A

meaning of statements (word meaning)

56
Q

Pragmatic rules are what

A

uses and interpretations of a message are reasonable given the situation (subtleties of word meaning)

57
Q

Linguistic relativism suggests

A

language exerts a strong influence on perceptions. (some languages contain terms that have no English equivalent)

58
Q

convergence is

A

adapting one’s speech style to that of others with whom the communicator wants to show affiliation

59
Q

traits of convergence in language includes

A

change in vocabulary, rate of talking, number and placement of pauses, level of politeness

60
Q

divergence is

A

speaking in a way that emphasizes the differences between the communicator and the others

61
Q

Powerless speech mannerisms include

A
  • hedges
  • hesitations
  • intensifiers
  • polite forms
  • tag questions
  • disclaimers
62
Q

“Kind of disappointed…” is an example of what powerless speech mannerism

A

hedges

63
Q

“Uh, can I have a minute of your time?” is an example of what powerless speech mannerism

A

hesitations

64
Q

“so that’s how I feel” is an example of what powerless speech mannerism

A

intensifiers

65
Q

“excuse me sir…” is an example of what powerless speech mannerism

A

polite forms

66
Q

“its about time we started isn’t it?” is an example of what powerless speech mannerism

A

tag questions

67
Q

“I probably shouldn’t say this but…” is an example of what powerless speech mannerism

A

disclaimer

68
Q

High level abstraction is when people

A

generalize about similarities between several objects, people, ideas, or events

69
Q

problems in relation to abstraction include

A

stereotypes, confusion, accusations

70
Q

what is the best alternative in relation to abstraction?

A

behavioural descriptions

71
Q

euphemism traits include

A

gentle phrasing, innocuous term substituted for a blunt one, meant to soften the impact of unpleasant information

72
Q

relative language gains meaning by

A

comparison (e.g. large, small)

73
Q

static evaluation is usually

A

mistaken assumption that people and things are totally consistent and unchanging

74
Q

disruptive language includes

A
  • fun-opinion confusion
  • fact-inference confusion
  • emotive language
75
Q

factual statement is a

A

claim that can verified as true or false

76
Q

opinion statement is

A

based on the speakers beliefs, and can never be proved or disproved

77
Q

inferential statement is a

A

conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

78
Q

low-context culture uses language

A

primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly and logically as possible

79
Q

high-context culture relies heavily on

A

subtle, often non-verbal cues to maintain social harmony

80
Q

when rephrasing intended feeling statements what are important things to consider?

A

-is their statement verbalizing their feelings or are they simply expressing an opinion?

81
Q

Find your feelings exercise: “you’re being awfully sensitive about that.” what’s wrong with this? Rephrase it.

A

Not speaking their feelings but expressing an opinion.

“I feel confused towards your reaction to that.”

82
Q

“I really don’t like rock concerts, but I go so that the others won’t think I’m a loser” is an example of what irrational fallacy

A

the fallacy of approval

83
Q

“she’ll really upset me if she comes late again” is an example of what irrational fallacy

A

the fallacy of causation

84
Q

“she’s a cold fish; I’m lucky if I get a little kiss on the cheek” is an example of hat irrational fallacy

A

the fallacy of overgeneralization

85
Q

“you ought to drink less” is an example of what irrational fallacy?

A

the fallacy of shoulds

86
Q

“what with the food, the water, and the transportation problems, you’re going to die going to Mexico on spring break”

A

is the fallacy of catastrophic expectations

87
Q

“I’ve had class in interpersonal communication; I can’t believe I used the wrong words and insulted her just now” is an example of what irrational fallacy

A

the fallacy of perfection

88
Q

“it’s not worth trying to reach him. I know I can’t make him listen to me.” is an example of hat irrational fallacy

A

the fallacy of helplessness

89
Q

what is required of a full perception-checking statement?

A
  • describes behaviour
  • gives two distinctly different interpretations
  • requests clarification of the perception

PSYC 154 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions