Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
made of monomers
A
polymers
2
Q
process of uniting monomers to make a polymer by removing water
A
Dehydration Synthesis
3
Q
process of breaking down a polymer; water is added to break the covalent bond
A
Hydrolysis
4
Q
elements of carbohydrates
A
C, H, O
5
Q
Monomer of carbohydrates
A
monosaccharide
6
Q
makes plant cell walls
A
Cellulose
7
Q
Polymer of carbohydrates
A
polysaccharide
8
Q
stores plant energy
A
Starches
9
Q
stores animal energy
A
Glycogen
10
Q
solid fatty acid
A
Saturated Fat
11
Q
elements of nucleic acid
A
C, H, O, N, P
12
Q
monomer of nucleic acid
A
nucleotide
13
Q
elements of lipids
A
C, H, O
14
Q
monomer of lipids
A
fatty acid
15
Q
liquid fatty acid
A
Unsaturated Fat
16
Q
man-made fatty acid
A
Trans Fat
17
Q
elements of proteins
A
C, H, O, N
18
Q
monomer of proteins
A
Amino Acid
19
Q
polymer of proteins
A
proteins, polypeptide
20
Q
special proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
A
enzymes
21
Q
mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
A
Endosymbiotic Theory
22
Q
rough: transports proteins
smooth: transports lipids and carbs
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum
23
Q
made of protein and RNA molecules, site of protein synthesis
A
ribosomes
24
Q
transports vesicles
modifies proteins made by ER
stacks of flat sacs
A
Golgi Body
25
generates spindle fibers (only animal cells)
centrioles
26
contains enzymes that break down food, water, worn out cell parts and invaders
lysosomes
27
uses CO2
occurs in the stroma
produces glucose
Calvin Cycle (Light Dependent Reaction) (Dark Reaction)
28
uses H20 and sunlight
produces O2
Light Dependent Reaction
29
Result of Fermentation (animal)
Lactic Acid
30
Result of Fermentation (plant)
Ethenol
31
Result of Electron Transport Chain
34 ATPs
32
What does the Kreb Cycle require
CO2 and 2 pyruvates
33
what does the Kreb Cycle produce
NADH
34
what does 2 pyruvates produce
2 ATPs
35
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
Osmosis
36
the more concentrated solution
Hypertonic
37
the less concentrated solution
Hypotonic
38
when solutions' concentrations are equal
Isotonic
39
pressure exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
40
movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
NO ENERGY USED
Facilitated Diffusion
41
movement of materials in the opposite direction in which materials would normally move
ENERGY USED
Active Transport
42
process of taking material into the cell by infolding of pockets of the cell membrane (vesicle)
Endocytosis
43
cell engulfs a large particle
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
44
tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid
Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
45
showed DNA, not protein is genetic material
Hershey and Chase (1952)
46
used x-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin (1952)
47
discovered shape of double helix as well as structure
Watson and Crick (1953)
48
Deoxyribonucleicacid
DNA
49
composed of nucleotides which are the basic building blocks of all nucleic acids
DNA
50
subunit of nucleic acid
nucleotide
51
1. nitrogen base
2. phospate group
3. simple sugar
Parts of a nucleotide
52
Adenine
Guanine
Purines (double-ringed)
53
Thymine
Cytosine
Pyrimidines (single-ringed)
54
DNA base pairings
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
55
"unzips" the DNA at replication fork
Helicase
56
keeps the DNA from recoiling
Topisomerase
57
builds new DNA strand from (5' to 3')
DNA polymerase
58
tells polymerase where to start
Primase
59
"glues" the okazaki fragments on lagging strand
Rigase
60
chromatin appears as chromosomes
nuclear membrane appears
nucleous disappears
spindle fibers appear
Prophase
61
chromosomes line up in middle of cell
spindle fibers attach at centromere
Metaphase
62
chromotids are pulled to opposite poles
Anaphase
63
nuclear membrane reappears
nucleolus reappears
chromosomes become long thin
chromatin
spindle fibers disappear
Telophase
64
divides cell in two (animal)
cleavage furrow
65
divides cell in two (plant)
cell plate
66
carries nucleotide sequence from nucleus to ribosome
mRNA
67
picks up amino acid in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosome
tRNA
68
joins mRNA and tRNA; forms proteins
rRNA
69
1. DNA Helicase unzips DNA
2. RNA Polymerase binds new bases
3. Single strand of RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus thru a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm
4. DNA in the nucleus "zips" back up
Transcription (in the nucleus)
70
1. mRNA in the cytoplasm signals the ribosome to attach
2. tRNA carrying the anticodon picks correct amino acid and carries it to the ribosome
3. proteins are linked by peptide bonds
Translation (in the cytoplasm OR @ the ribosomes)
71
group of genes the operate together
operon
72
DNA sequence that allows a gene to be transcripted by helping RNA polymerase find where a gene starts
promoter
73
DNA sequence that turns gene "on" or "off"
operator
74
a substance that acts on an operon to inhibit messenger RNA synthesis
Repressor
75
unneeded genes that are spliced out
Introns
76
genes left over after genes are spliced out
Exons
77
control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo
Hox genes
78
mutation in a single gene
Gene mutation
79
changes in a whole chromosome
Chromosomal mutation
80
altered mRNA codon codes for the same amino acid
Silent mutation
81
altered mRNA codon codes for a different amino acid
Missense mutation
82
altered mRNA codon codes for a stop codon
Nonsense mutations
83
one base replaces another
Substitution mutation
84
insertion or deletion of a nucleotide shifts the grouping of codons
Frameshift mutation
85
involve loss of all or part of a chromosome
Deletion Mutation
86
results from unequal crossing over; produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome
Gene duplication
87
reverse in the direction of parts of chromosomes
Inversions
88
results from the exchange of DNA segments between non-homologous chromosomes
Translocation
89
helps position RNA polymerase
TATA box
90
anything chemical,physical, or biological that causes mutations
mutagens
91
form of cell division that produces reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes
Meiosis
92
chromosomes that share the same gene but different alleles
Homologous chromosomes
93
two homologous chromosomes that join together during Metaphase
Tetrad
94
a normal body cell
Somatic cell
95
sperm or egg
Sex cell
96
alternate forms of the same gene
Alleles
97
cells with a full set of chromosomes (2n)
Diploid
98
cells with half set of chromosomes (n)
Haploid
99
cells produced after meiosis in females
Oocyte
100
cells produced after meiosis in males
Spermatocyte
101
cell that doesn't receive cytoplasm and organelles and eventually degenerates
Polar body
102
when plants self pollinate, all their offspring are the same variety
True breeding
103
mating or crossing of two varieties
Hybridization
104
a cross between two parents that breed true for different versions of the same gene
Monohybridization
105
true breeding parents
P generation
106
hybrid offspring of the P generation
F1 generation
107
offspring from the self fertilization of the F1 hybrids
F2 generation
108
hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype
Law of Dominance
109
during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
Law of Segregation
110
that a pair of trait segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation
Law of Independent Assortment
111
results in a mixing of traits
Incomplete Dominance
112
results in both traits being equally expressed
Codominance
