Midterm Review Flashcards by Billie Harney

A fetal brain with no recognizable cerebral cortex and defined thalami and cerebellum is:

Hydranencephaly

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A large herniation of the posterior fossa contents into the foramen magnum with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele describes which type of Arnold-Chiari malformation

III

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A markedly retroflexed neck is an indication of:

Iniencephaly

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A measurement of the lateral ventricular atrium should not exceed:

1 cm

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A normal cisterna magna measurement is less than:

1 cm

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A partial absence of the cranium is called:

Acrania

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AFP is secreted by the

Yolk sac and liver

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Beta hCG levels plateau at _____________ weeks

9-11

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Cerebellar hypoplasia with herniation into the spinal canal describes:

Type 4 Arnold Chiari malformation

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head end of the neural tube

Rostral neuropore

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sonographic appearance of a cephalocele

Complex paracranial mass

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Cranial anatomy is routinely visualized after how many gestatonal weeks?

12-14

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Define brachycephaly

Short broad head due to premature fusion

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Define dolichocephaly

Long narrow head

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During a sonographic examination, a wide high third ventricle, teardrop-shaped ventricle, a widened ventricular atria, absent cavum septi pellucid, and a sunburst appearance of the gyri and suli were imaged in the fetal brain. What malformation do these findings support?

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

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During the sonographic examination on a first trimester pregnancy, a crescent-shaped complex fluid collection images between the gestational sac and the uterus. What is the most likely differential

Subchorionic hemorrhage

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Identify the term describing the abiltiy of embryonic cells to differentiate into any cell type

Pluripotent

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Identify the type of ectopic pregnancy that is surrounded by less than 5 mm of myometrium.

Intramural

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Lissencephaly is an absence or paucity of gyri resulting in the characteristic appearance of:

A smooth cerebral appearance after 20 weeks

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Neural plate development completes at ________ days

18-23

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the measurement fro the frontal to the occipital bone obtained at the level of the thalami

OFD

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sonographic features of semilobar holoprosencephaly

Incomplete fusion of the thalami, microcephaly, partial separation of the hemispheres and ventricles

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The metencephalon and myelencephalon are part of the:

Rhombencephalon

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e most frequent anomaly noted with cleft palate or cleft lip is:

Clubfoot

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most studied artery in the fetal brain is the

MCA

What is the ratio of the BPD and the OFD called?

Cephalic index

hat portion of the femur does the sonographer measure to obtain the length?

Osseous diaphyses

hat weight is considered macrosomia?

>4000 g

ic anatomic landmarks help determine the correct level to measure the HC?

Thalamus, falx, cavum septum pellucidum

hich cranial bones are the landmark for measurement of the BPD?

Parietal bones

ich measurement is the most important indicator of fetal weight?

most commonly associated with cystic hygroma

Turner syndrome

central nervous system malformations is identifiable in the first trimester?

Spina bifida

s cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle?

Dandy walker

sonographic feature of anencephaly?

Frog eyes

most commonly used parameters for estimating fetal age and may be more accurate than the BPD late in pregnancy?

congenital absence of one or both eyes?

Anophthalmia

an abnormally fast heart rate

Tachycardia

protrusion of meniges through a spinal defect?

Meningocele

rostral end of the neural tube

Neuropore

eneral term describing an abnormal heart rate?

Arrhythmia

part of Ebstein anomaly?

Abnormal tricuspid valve

congenital malformation in which the aorta arises from the right ventricle?

DORV

abnormal opening between the right and left atrium

ASD

Which anatomy images on the four chamber view?

RA RV LA LV Mitral valve Tricuspid valve

What doppler flow changes occur with sever coarction of the aorta?

Reversed ductus arteriosus flow

A fetal heart with a large RA, small RV, apically displaced TV, hydrops, arrhythmia and abnormal right ventricular contraction raises suspicion for which heart defect?

Epstein anomaly

What heart defect has perimembranous ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, pulmonary artery hypoplasia, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta and right sided aorta in 25% of cases?

Tetralogy of Fallot

The embryonic heart is completely formed at the:

Beginning of the 8 week

Fetal blood circulates within the embryo at:

3 weeks post conception

Fetal oxygenated blood circulation from the placenta enters the fetus through the:

Umbilical vein to the hepatic circulation and left portal vein

Fetal blood fro the IVC enters the heart:

Right atrium

In the fetus, left atrial blood passes through the _______________ into the left ventricle

Mitral valve

The greatest concentration of oxygenated fetal blood is to the fetal

Cranium

A normal heart orientation is:

Levocardia

n the normal fetal heart, which chamber is located closest to the fetal spine

Left atrium

Fetal tachyarrhythmias are heart rates:

Greater than 180 bpm

An abnormally large right atrium and abnormally small right ventricle is an indication of:

Ebsteins anomaly

The most common cardiac tumor is:

Rhabdomyoma

DORV involves:

parallel aorta and pulmonary artery and VSD

The pulmonary valve reeives blood from the

Pulmonary artery

Ultrasound resolution limits of ______________ mm still prevent the identification of small VSD's

1-2

A break in the skin surface directly over the spine is associated with:

Myelomeningocele

Thoracic chest measurements (outer edge to outer edge) are obtained from a true transverse view at the level of the:

Fetal heart

If the fetal heart (in transverse view) occupies more than 1/3 of the thorax, ______________ should be considered

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Abdominal circumference is considered more important as an indicator of _______________________ than as a indicator of fetal age.

Weight

Exclude ______________ of the scalp when measuring from the leading edge of theparietal bone for a BPD.

Skin/soft tissue

Macrosomia equates to a fetus over ______________ g.

4000 g

Ratio of the BPD to the OFD is_________________

Cephalic index

The femur length can be reliably used after _________________weeks gestation

The earliest successful BPD measuement can usually be obtained at week:

The BPD is measured at the level of the ______________, _______________ and _________________.

Thalamus csp

The preferred measurement method for fetal growth is

Average of multiple parameters

A sonolucent area in the choroid plexus is known as __________________

Choroid plexus cyst

Many brain structures develop between week _____________________, resulting in this time frame being identified as the critical period of brain development.

3 and 16

The central portionof the cerebellum betwee the hemispheres is termed the ____________________________.

Vermis

The forebrain is also known as the ______________________________.

Prosencephalon

he great cerebral vein is also called____________

Vein of Galen

he most sever form of arnold-chiari malformation is ________________________

Type III

he presence of a single median bony orbit with a fleshy proboscis above it is ____________________________.

Cyclopia

he third ventricle is positioned between the ________________________ and the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles.

Thalami

is a substance that interferes with embryonic development.

Teratogen

the most severe form of holoprosencephaly.

Alobar

most common type of intracranial hemorrhage seen in the fetus.

Intraventricular hemorrhage

bell shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of

Osteogenesis imperfecta

break in the skin surface directly over the spine is associated with:

Myelomeningocele

cystic hygroma is the result of:

Abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

A large herniation of the posterior fossa contents into the foramen magnum with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele describes which type of Arnold-Chiari malformation

Type II

An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as:

Caudal regression syndrome

An increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with:

Trisomy 21

A group of anomalies characterized by a small or an absent left ventricle is:

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of

Fetal hydrops

A heart positioned in the right chest with the apex pointing right is labeled ________________________

Dextrocardia

A midline heart is termed _______________________.

Mesocardia

A structure in the right ventricle, the ____________________ , should differentiate the right ventricle from the left ventricle

Moderator band

An EIF would most likely be associated with

Trisomy 21

Blood returning from the IVC enters the:

Right atrium

The ______________________ view of the heart is often used for the diagnosis of VSD

Subcostal four chamber view

The blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins enters into the:

Left atrium

condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed:

Ectopic cordis

The fetal heart should consume most of the left side of the chest and lays with a normal angle of _________________ degrees to ________________ of midline.

45, left

The greatest concentration of fetal blood travels to the:

Cranium

The mitral valve is located:

Between the left ventricle and the left atrium

The moderator band is located within the:

Right Ventricle

The tricuspid valve is located:

Between the right ventricle and the right atrium

The normal heart will fill approximately _____________ of the fetal chest.

1/3

he most common fetal cardiac tumor is the :

Rhabdomyoma

The most common cause of cardiac malposition is

Diaphragmatic hernia

When hypoplastic left heart syndrome is found in girls, what syndrome should be suspected?

Turners Syndrome

the most common cardiac defect?

VSD

A right sided heart with the apex pointing left is called_________________________

Dextroposition

What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atriual septum?

Foramen ovale

Which statement is true concerning the fetal outflow tract?

The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it

hich of the following best describes transposition of the great vessels

The aorta arises from the right ventricles, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle