Midterm Review: Chapter 2.

Question 1

The relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that influences the way an individual interacts with his or her environment and how they think, feel, behave.

Answer 1

Personality.

Question 2

What are the three aproaches to personality?

Answer 2

Dispositional, situational, interacitonist.

Question 3

A personality approach that suggests that individuals are predisposed to certain traits or characteristics that influence their attitudes and behaviours.

Answer 3

Dispositional Approach.

Question 4

A personality approach that suggests that organizational setting such as rewards and punishment influence people’s feelings attitudes and behaviour.

Answer 4

Situational approach.

Question 5

A personality approach that suggests that organizational setting such as rewards and punishment influence people’s feelings attitudes and behaviour.

Answer 5

Situational approach.

Question 6

A personality approach that combines both the dispositional and situational approach.

Answer 6

Interactionist Approach.

Question 7

Situations where roles are loosely defined and there are few rules and reinforcements, and punishments.

Answer 7

Weak situations.

Question 8

Situations where roles are loosely defined and there are few rules and reinforcements, and punishments.

Answer 8

Weak situations.

Question 9

Situations where roles are clearly defined and rules, reinforcements and punishments are strictly enforced.

Answer 9

Strong situations.

Question 10

Situations where roles are clearly defined and rules, reinforcements and punishments are strictly enforced.

Answer 10

Strong situations.

Question 11

A theory that suggests personality traits lead to certain behaviours only when the situation (activity) makes the need for the trait salient.

Answer 11

Trait activation theory.

Question 12

Extraversion, Emotional stability/neuroticism, agreeableness, consciousness and openness to experience make up the…

Answer 12

five factor model of personality.

Question 13

Someone’s beliefs about whether one’s behaviour is controlled by internal or external factors.

Answer 13

Locus of control.

Question 14

people who believe that one’s behaviour come form within are more…

Answer 14

satisfied with their jobs, committed to organizations, earn more money and achieve higher organizations.

Question 15

people who believe that one’s behaviour come form within are more…

Answer 15

satisfied with their jobs, committed to organizations, earn more money and achieve higher organizations.

Question 16

The extent to which people observe and how they appear to behaviour in social settings and relationships.

Answer 16

Self-monitoring.

Question 17

What do high self -monitors performa better in…

Answer 17

jobs that require the use of self-presentation.

Question 18

The degree to which a person has a positive self-evaluation.

Answer 18

Self-Esteem.

Question 19

A theory that suggests people with lower self-esteem tend to be more susceptible to external and social influences than those who have high self-esteem.

Answer 19

Behavioural Plasticity Theory.

Question 20

Postive affectivity, negative affectivity, proactive personality, general self-efficacy, core self-evaluations.

Answer 20

are all advances in personality and organizational behaviour.

Question 20

Postive affectivity, negative affectivity, proactive personality, general self-efficacy, core self-evaluations.

Answer 20

are all advances in personality and organizational behaviour.

Question 21

People who experience positive emotions and moods and have a postive view are high on

Answer 21

Positive affectivity.

Question 22

People who experience negative emotions and moods and have a negative view are high on…

Answer 22

Negative affectivity.

Question 23

Involves taking initiative to actively improve current circumstance or creating new ones.

Answer 23

Pro-active behaviour.

Question 24

A **general motivational** trait to an individual's belief in his or her ability to perform successfully in a variety of challenging situations.

Answer 24

General self-efficacy.

Question 25

A multidimensional trait and broad personality concept that consists of several more specific traits that reflect the **evaluations** people hold about themselves and their self-worth, competence, and capability.

Answer 25

Core Self-Evaluations.

Question 26

Self-esteem, General self-efficacy, Locus of control, Neuroticism (emotional stability)

Answer 26

Four traits of Core Self-Evaluations.

Question 27

What is Operant Learning theory

Answer 27

Operant learning can be used to increase the probability of desired behaviours and to reduce or eliminate the probability of undesirable behaviours.

Question 28

The process by which stimuli strengthen behaviours.

Answer 28

Reinforcement.

Question 29

The process by which stimuli strengthen behaviours.

Answer 29

Reinforcement.

Question 30

Reinforcement that rewards you in the situation.

Answer 30

Positive reinforcement.

Question 31

Reinforcement by removing a consequence from situation.

Answer 31

Negative reinforcement.

Question 32

Involves providing quantitive or qualitative information on past **performance** for the purpose of changing or maintaining performance in specific ways.

Answer 32

Performance feedback.

Question 32

Involves providing quantitive or qualitative information on past performance for the purpose of changing or maintaining **performance** in specific ways.

Answer 32

Performance feedback.

Question 33

Informal **acknowledgement**, attention, praise approval or genuine appreciation for work well done from one individual or **group** to another.

Answer 33

Social recognition.

Question 34

The gradual dissipation of behaviour following the termination of reinforcement.

Answer 34

Extinction.

Question 35

The gradual dissipation of behaviour following the termination of reinforcement.

Answer 35

Extinction.

Question 36

The implementation of adverse stimulus following unwanted behaviour to decrease the probability of that behaviour.

Answer 36

Punishment.

Question 37

The implementation of adverse stimulus following unwanted behaviour to decrease the probability of that behaviour.

Answer 37

Punishment.

Question 38

Emphasizes the role of **cognitive** processes in regulating people's behaviour.

Answer 38

Social Cognitive Theory.

Question 39

Compoents of Social Cognitive Theory "Tri"adric reciprocal casuation

Answer 39

Observational Learning, Self Efficacy, Self Regulation.

Question 40

The process of **observing** and imitating the behaviour of others

Answer 40

Observational Learning

Question 41

**Beliefs** people have about their ability to sucessfully perform a task.

Answer 41

Self Efficacy Beliefs.

Question 42

Beliefs people have about their ability to sucessfully perform a task.

Answer 42

Self Efficacy Beliefs.

Question 43

The use of learning principles to regulate one's own behaviour.

Answer 43

Self Regulation.

Question 44

A **discrepancy** between one's goals and performance which motivates one to modify their behaviour.

Answer 44

Discrepancy reduction.

Question 45

When individuals attain their goals they are likely to set higher and more challenging goals.

Answer 45

Discrepancy production.

Question 46

Training vs development

Answer 46

Training focused on improving current performance, development focuses on future job resposibilities.