Midterms | Psychological Perspectives of the Self Flashcards by Eun Woo

Scientific behavior of the human body and the mind

Psychology

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4 Main People in the Psychological Perspectives of the Self

William James
Karen Horney
Carl Rogers
Albert Bandura

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What is the self according to William James?

Self is both the “knower” (I self) and the “known” (Me Self)

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Physical manifestation/ observable part of the self

Me-Self

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Empirical self

Me-Self

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Object of a thought/ idea

Me-Self

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3 Dimension of Me-Self + descriptions

Material Self: things you own
Social Self: significant interpersonal relations
Spiritual Self: one’s personality, character and defining values

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Things we are passionate with

Spiritual self

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Provides the thread of continuity between our past, present, and future self

Pure ego

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What does William James call the i-self?

“Pure ego”

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The I-self provides the thread of continuity between our (1), (2), and (3) self

past
present
future

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What we call the entirety of our life; from the very start until the end

pure ego

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Self awaraness or the ability to think

I-self

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The soul or mind

I-self

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The I-self involves — (life history and experience)

subjective experiential features

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3 Dimension of the I-self + Descriptions

Individual Self: Who you are
Relational Self: How you relate with other people
Collective Self: Yourself when you are in a group

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Who said that “To search for truth about the self is as valuable as to search for truth in other areas of life”?

Karen Horney

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According to Horney, the foundation of a healthy development stems from our —.

childhood experiences

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Parents need to provide feelings of (1) and (2) to the child in order for them to become psychologically healthy individuals.

safety
security

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Anger/aggression towards the parents; such feelings are unacceptable and are repressed

Basic Hostility

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A feeling of inadequacy and helplessness in a perceived hostile world

Basic Anxiety

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Presence of basic anxiety can lead to the development of this self

Idealized Self

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Overly positive and perfect image of the self

Idealized self

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Contains beliefs such as:
- They are better than others
- The world owes them
- They should be perfect
- They should be the best

Idealized self

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Horney's 4 Theory of the Self

Idealized self Actualized self Despised self Real self

Imaginary picture of the self as the possessor of unlimited powers and superlative qualities

Idealized self

One’s view of perfection

Idealized self

Idealized self develops when people (1) inferior and have the (2)

1. feel 2. need to be loved

Who a person is in everyday life

Actualized Self

Who a person actually is regardless of other people’s perceptions

Actualized Self

Why is the Actualized Self often despised?

Because it fails to fulfill the requirement of the idealized image

Negative view of the self

Despised Self

Despised Self is based on what?

Lack of love and acceptance by others

Feelings of inferiority and shortcomings

Despised Self

The feeling that one is hated (one’s true self is the one hated)

Despised Self

Revealed only as a person begins to shed the various techniques developed to deal with basic anxiety

Real Self

The inner core of personality

Real self

Real Self is the “(1)” that impels (2) and (3)

1. Force 2. growth 3. self-realization

One’s potential (the need to be who one truly is)

Real Self

Real self is a combination of what?

Idealized self Actualized self Despised self

2 Types of Tendencies according to Carl Rogers

Formative Tendency Actualizing Tendency

Ability to grow from simple to complex organisms

Formative Tendency

Ability to reach one’s fullest potential

Actualizing Tendency

Carl Rogers put emphasis on the --- of a person, as it helps us grow and develop

human experience

2 Divisions of the Self according to Carl Rogers

Real-self Ideal-self

* Aspects of one’s being and experiences that are perceived in awareness * Who one truly is

Real-self

* Pertains to who you want to become in the future

Ideal-self

Differentiate Horney and Rogers' concept of Idealized/ Ideal self

For Karen Horney, the idealized self is very negative and stems from lack of safety and security thus, shouldn't be developed. For Carl Rogers, ideal self is accepted because it helps us build our real self.

Proponent of Theory of Personality and Congruence

Carl Rogers

Requirements for Ideal and Real to overlap:

- Congruence/ Genuineness - Empathy - Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting the self

Congruence/ Genuineness

Ability to recognize and understand others’ feelings

Empathy

No conditions of worth

Unconditional Positive Regard

The self can be proactive and ---

agentic

* Acting in advance of a future situation * Taking control and making things happen

Proactive

Self-organizing, proactive, self-reflective, and self-regulating as times change

Agentic

We are not merely reactive organisms shaped by environmental forces or driven by inner impulses

Agentic

Proposed the concept of human agency

Albert Bandura

Essence of humanness

Human Agency

Human Agency is when people are (1), (2), and (3)

1. self-regulating 2. self-organizing 3. self-reflective

People have the power to influence their own actions and produce the desired consequences

Human Agency

Core Features of Human Agency

1. Intentionality 2. Forethought 3. Self-reactiveness 4. Self-reflectiveness

People are continually changing their plans and are aware of the consequences of their actions.

Intentionality

People are able to anticipate the possible outcomes of their actions and select behaviors that will produce the desired outcome.

Forethought

Ability to motivate themselves and regulate their actions.

Self-reactiveness

People have the ability to examine themselves.

Self-reflectiveness

Feelings of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life

Self-Efficacy

Self-Efficacy can either be (1) or (2)

1. High levels 2. Low levels

Belief that one can deal effectively with events and situations

High levels

Belief that they are unable to exercise control over events and situations

Low levels

4 sources of self-efficacy

1. Performance Attainment 2. Vicarious Experience 3. Verbal Persuasions 4. Physiological and Emotional Arousal

Previous successful attempts and experiences provide clear indications of one’s level of mastery and competence

Performance Attainment

Under Performance Attainment, --- can demonstrate our capabilities and may increase one’s level of self-efficacy

prior achievements

Observing and witnessing others perform successfully strengthen self efficacy

Vicarious Experience

Verbal feedback and encouraging words may help strengthen levels of self-efficacy

Verbal Persuasions

The more composed we are, the greater one’s self-efficacy is

Physiological and Emotional Arousal

Midterms | Psychological Perspectives of the Self Flashcards

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