migration Flashcards

Question

asylum seeker definition

Answer 1

a person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee

Answer 2

a person who moves from another country, region or place, involving a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence, to improve their standards of living or job opportunities

Answer 3

migration of large numbers of people between different regions of the world e..g Europe to North America

Answer 4

migration of large numbers of people within a region of the world, e.g. Europe

Answer 5

migration with no government permission, no documentation which usually limits right to work

Answer 6

country from which migrants leave

Answer 7

countries into which migrants arrive

Answer 8

negative attributes of a migrant's place of origin which force a migrant to leave

Answer 9

positive attributes of a place or destination which attract migrants

Answer 10

money transferred from one country to another, sent home by migrants to their family, friends and community

Answer 11

the spread of ethnic or national group from their homeland e.g. Jews from Israel, Kurd from Kurdistan

Answer 12

asylum seekers= fleeing country due to fear of persecution/death. tend to be perceived more negatively economic migrants= move to improve QoL or job prospects. more positive impacts (especially economically). usually better educated, so work in more high-paying jobs and provide keen and willing workforce BOTH bring diversity and enhance culture so have social impacts. can also put pressure of services.

Answer 13

economic migrants

Answer 14

SOME ARE PERMANENT SOME ARE TEMPORARY/ST AND MAY ONLY BE PRESENT FOR A SHORT WHILE SIGNIFICANCE DECREASES E.G. BY TECHNOLOGY, WHICH CAN OVERCOME PHYSICAL BARRIERS physical factors e.g. mountains, seas, rivers, distance misinformation political differences bureaucracy illiteracy and different language cost of travel military services national/government policy family pressures regional and ethnic differences borders immediate job opportunities

Answer 15

flow of 4 million migrants within sub-saharan africa flow of 1 million migrants within south asia flow of 1.5 million migrants within SE Asia

Answer 16

econ. migrants may find it easier and cheaper to migrate to neighbouring countries refugees/asylum seekers are just looking to flee/get out of country of origin so neighbouring countries are easier to get to quickly less language barriers within region/common language spoken people more likely to move within stateless nations due to shared culture/ region and they feel more welcome short-term, large scale migration in search of safety from conflict

Answer 17

flow of 5 million migrants from south asia to Western Asia flow of 3 million migrants form central america to north america

Answer 18

avoid crossing large physical barriers e.g. oceans ease and reduced cost HUBS of migration: people tend to migrate to nearest Econ. developed state (globalisation means this is not limited to Europe) freedom of movement e.g. within EU econ. migrants may find it easier and cheaper to migrate to neighbouring countries refugees/asylum seekers are just looking to flee/get out of country of origin so neighbouring countries are easier to get to quickly less language barriers within region/common language spoken people more likely to move within stateless nations due to shared culture/ region and they feel more welcome short-term, large scale migration in search of safety from conflict

Answer 19

around 10 million immigrating to europe

Answer 20

job opportunities so there are economic migrants (send remittances) borders lots of other regions by and historical links of colonisation: have grown up with perception of European countries being wealthy, developed and dominant cultural and social opportunities

Answer 21

USA has largest net immigration: lots from Central America, Caribbean, Mexico due to socioeconomic opportunities Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, India has large amounts of emigration to Middle East as workers for construction intra-regional flows within europe: esp. from south an east to west and north, due to freedom of movement within the EU intra-regional flows within africa. regional hub of South Africa in africa is more developed than its neighbours large numbers of people leaving syria: largest net emigration in 2010-15 due to conflict. refugees migrate to neighbouring countries (intra-regional) e.g. turkey, Iraq quite a lot of emigration from South Asia; people tend to migrate to nearest econ. developed countries middle-east is very active due to conflict in area and job opportunities in construction

Answer 22

isolated countries e.g. New Zealand, Canada have less migration due to physical geography very little migration to/from/within South America: due to rainforest and mountain ranges

Answer 23

STRENGTHS easy to identify areas of lots of migration (e.g. Middle East) spatial variation= v easy to identify WEAKNESSES yellow dots are difficult to read e.g. overlap not quantifiable/ precise ( of both no. of migrants and net immigration/emigration) overlapping circles so it is tricky to identify which country it is

Answer 24

(important flow of money) a statistical measure of international migration which is liked to development private funds sent by migrants usually to the non-migrant members of their family

Answer 25

a composite index for development incorporating social and economic indices for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita score= between 1 and 0 1=most developed 0 =least developed

Answer 26

+ are of considerable importance in development process, especially in LIDCs/EDCs (where they represent a high proportion of GDP) and are of greater significance to their economy and development + source of income for those in origin country +families receiving money invest it and kickstart local PME - industry is not being developed -emigrants form origin country are usually more educated (BRAIN DRAIN) so workforce is limited bc educated pop is lost -over-reliance can develop so they are dependent on another country and their policies (bilateral flows are particularly vulnerable)

Answer 27

discontinuous corridor of urbanisation in western europe pattern links to population density blue banana has a population of 111 million attractive to migrants (highest pop. dens it europe) PME increases urbanisation and increases socio-economic development link between high socioeconomic dev and migrant populations

Answer 28

shows correlation between 2 continuous data sets tells you how strong a correlation is and whether it is statistically significant or not helps us answer investigative questions by telling us whether relationships could have occurred by chance or whether there is a significant correlation

Answer 29

MIGRANTS LEAD TO ALL OTHER FLOWS

Answer 30

280.6m in 2020: make up 4% of world pop 26.6m refugees & 50.9m IDPs & 4.4m asylum seekers (over 100m in early 2022; 1% of global pop) 169m economic migrants (international migrant workers in 2019) international students (16% to USA, 6.1m in 2019, e.g. Nepal, no. of outbound students increased so birth rate decreased due to young pop leaving) return migrants female migrants (48% of migrants) child migrants (35.5m of 280.6m= highest ever recorded, 2020)

Answer 31

bring ideas, culture cause flows of money

Answer 32

GLOBALISATION BRING CULTURE TO HOST COUNTRY SOCIAL REMITTANCES EDUCATION

Answer 33

western companies/TNCs spreading to LIDCs

Answer 34

e.g. cuisine and food, festivals (st Pauls Caribbean carnival Bristol, notting hill carnival), customs multiculturalism created; a valuable social benefit of migration

Answer 35

international students (e..g Nepali students in the US have increased from 9662 in 2015/16 to 11607 in 2016/17) can come back to work in source country and boost the economy

Answer 36

take host country's perspective, knowledge, political/cultural norms back to source country (e.g. gender equality, education, family size) can change source country's perceptions

Answer 37

remittances sent home to source country

Answer 38

larger tan FDI official dev. assistance received by LIDCs and EDCs made easier by more efficient and secure use of technology record high of £719bn in 2019 Tonga= most dependent on remittances as it makes up 38% of their GDP

Answer 39

BORDER CONTROL & ABILITY TO CONTROL NUMBERS OF MIGRANTS SENDING OF REMITTANCES MADE MORE EFFICIENT AND EASY BY TECH COMMUNICAITION NGOS USE TECH TO ASSESS CRISES CRISIS MAPPING

Answer 40

ability to map and manage migrant routes e.g. satellite imagery, cartography, field reports, use of conventional media reports, crowd-sources data from texts, emails, tweets NGOs can use to put response where it is most needed

Answer 41

mobile money transfers made more reliable by cash transfer programming and increased use of smartphones

Answer 42

OPPS: developmental growth, stability, development CHALLENGES: conflict, injustice, inequality

Answer 43

migrant remittances stimulate multiplier effect in SC e.g. Opole region in Poland gets 25% of its spending from remittances (MONEY) technology, through bank transfers and the sue of smartphones makes transfer of remittances more secure (TECH)

Answer 44

migrants fill gaps in labour markets/ reduce skill shortages e.g. farmers in Norfolk rely on seasonal migrant labour (PEOPLE) migrants are consumers in HC so create new market, boost spending and may create new specialist businesses e.g. Polish shops (PEOPLE) GDP and tax base of HC boosted by immigration e.g. contribute £25bn in UK (MONEY) often do work that local population won't, so support businesses e.g. service industry in Southern California (PEOPLE)

Answer 45

international migration can limit internal rural-urban migration and the pressure this puts on rapidly growing urban areas e.g Indians to Dubai instead of Delhi (PEOPLE) global migration leads to diffusion of ideas e.g. family size, education, gender equality and democracy- these benefits are called social remittances (IDEAS)

Answer 46

diasporas create events, links and networks which stimulate the local economy, generate the PME and help promote multi-culturalism e.g. in Leicester (IDEAS) technology (via phones and big data) allows us to follow and map migrations more effectively so personnel can be put in place where needed (TECH) flows of info via social media and smartphones mean asylum seekers find maps of bets routes & safe areas to stay (IDEAS VIA TECH)

Answer 47

moving abroad for higher education then returning to work in home country transfers skills and technology, aiding development (TECH) returning migrants bring back new skills and knowledge. they may start own businesses which aid development of home country (IDEAS) remittances sent home by migrants contribute up to 30% of GDP (Tonga) (MONEY)

Answer 48

UN 'migration and development' projects provide bottom-up approaches to development (IDEAS)

Answer 49

conflicts arose along US-Mexican border as Mexicans try to cross illegally. patrols and surveillance. (PEOPLE)

Answer 50

social conflict can occur in areas where large numbers of migrants reside and change the culture of the area e.g. 1 in 10 people in New England ward, Peterborough are E European migrants (concentrated) (PEOPLE) conflicts over new border controls to restrict migrant movement. Hungary and Bulgaria have erected expensive wire fences along borders (PEOPLE) migrants bring ideas and values with them which may contradict those of the local culture into which they move e.g. British moving to S Spain and insisting on maintaining British culture (PEOPLE & IDEAS)

Answer 51

people smuggling lead to violations of human rights. in the Med, boats are not safe, staff abandon boats, they may capsize (PEOPLE)

Answer 52

poor access to tech limits knowledge of situations on the ground and the ability of relied organisations to respond to refugee needs (TECH)

Answer 53

poor access to tech limits knowledge of situations on the ground and the ability of relied organisations to respond to refugee needs (TECH) treatment of migrants in detention centres is often criticised. suicides common in such centres (PEOPLE) Australia doesn't allow boats w/ asylum seekers to land (restricting access to anyone trying to arrive in this way) (PEOPLE) illegal migrants are often exploited by unscrupulous employers as they have no rights so get low pay and poor working conditions e.g. Mexicans in US (PEOPLE) some refugee camps e.g. Dadaab in N Kenya is 25y/o. few prospects of conflicts ever being solved so injustices and inequalities will remain (PEOPLE)

Answer 54

Poland loses it younger generation as most of migrants are 18-30y/o so there are fewer doctors, plumbers and construction workers and economic growth is limited (PEOPLE) BRAIN DRAIN of highly qualified people. Malawi has lost many media personnel to work overseas so their own healthcare suffers: there is 1 doctor per 40,000 people (PEOPLE) families of migrants benefit from increased income due to remittances but others don't. in Bulgaria, families of EU migrants have built smart new houses with their remittances (MONEY)

Answer 55

+gaps filled in labour markets +migrants are consumers so increase spending +econ. migrants stimulate PME and increase econ. growth +multiculturalism -conflicts due to stress on services and changes to culture -poor treatment of migrants, who are often exploited because they have no rights, so receive less pay and have lower quality of life

Answer 56

fairly evenly balanced in terms of opportunities/challenges BUT positive feedback loop caused by migration boosts GDP and development of HC whilst decreasing the GDP and developmental growth of SC DESTINATION is winner DESTINATION benefits overall from migration otherwise they would restrict it

Answer 57

YES: globalisation means there are different flows of migrants e.g. more intra regional due to socioeconomic dev. of geographically close countries outside of Europe and N America. increased mobility and ease of travel impacts of technology= easier to map migrations so personnel and aid is in correct locations (and flows of info through social media) to increase safety increased security during transfers of remittances

Answer 58

clever, most econ. active people move to countries with higher GDP -> BRAIN DRAIN source country's GDP decreases bc. clever, econ. active leave to HC PME in HC bc more migration to a country with a higher GDP. their GDP increases bc increased brain (more people coming for increased QoL and better job prospects) Acs benefitting from migration otherwise they would restrict it

Answer 59

NEGATIVE BUT does not equal out the overall positive feedback loop caused by migration so is unbalanced

Answer 60

The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South in terms of development and wealth. Classifying countries. In the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way of showing the how the world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations.

Answer 61

from 'poorer, southern countries' to 'richer, northern countries' younger, more motivated men migrated to work

Answer 62

econ. globalisation leading to emergence of new source areas and host destinations high conc. of young workers and female migrants flows in south-south corridors are now equal in magnitude to those in south-north corridors conflict and persecution have increased numbers of refugees changes in national immigration and emigration policies development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows

Answer 63

as globalisation occurs, countries become more interlinked with flows of people and money. as more countries develop, they attract flows of migrants to them as many ACs tighten migration policies, migrants look for new countries to move to an increasing number of countries and their economies have become more independent, linked to globalisation, the increased complexity of global migration can be linked to this increase in the globalisation process positive feedback loop: econ. growth causes immigration of young, motivated people, leading to further econ. growth so greater immigration e.t.c.

Answer 64

major bilateral corridors and traditional migration partnerships have remained strong, but in addition new places of origin and new destinations for migrants have emerged as the effects of globalisation have spread migration will usually be intra-regional bc this is easier, less dangerous and cheaper. as LIDCs develop unevenly, there will be natural migration into the countries that are developing faster BUT they don't need to be developed, just more developed than the countries around them. this sets off a positive feedback loop

Answer 65

migration of highly-skilled workers from china, India and Brazil (BRAIN DRAIN) to the USA (pos. feedback loop and dev.)- including graduates, esp. in science, maths and tech, and those in professional and business services, attracted by high salaries and the QoL migration of workers from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan (less pressure on urban areas) to oil-producing Gulf states and Saudi Arabia; attracted by increased demand for labour, relatively high wages, ease of returning formal remittances (dev. of SC) , accommodation, and improved transport and communication

Answer 66

rapid increase of international migrant stock (6.5m in 2015) among ASEAN member states; the fast growing economies of Singapore and Thailand= main destinations (pos. feedback loop & inequalities) while Cambodia, Lao PDR= main sources. most migrants are low-skilled and many are undocumented, seeking employment and higher wages via cyclical migration to countries of higher socioeconomic dev. (increased QoL and econ. opps) increased migration streams in S America, esp, to 'Southern Cone'. main drivers= wage and labour opportunity disparities (pos. feedback loop & inequalities). regional integration (MERCOSUR)= eased immigration through free movement of labour (more migrants) return migration= high proportion of migrant flows within EU: Romania(93% of its total migration) and Lithuania (88%). this includes young workers having achieved their pre-planned econ. goals after 2 or 3 years; often taking low-skilled jobs abroad before returning to more prestigious positions in home country

Answer 67

V SIGNIFICNAT: happening in wide variety of areas feedback loop created: long-term pattern due to increased inequalities significant scale due to changing patterns of migration

Answer 68

no. of female migrants increasing as global demand for labour focused on domestic work, services and hospitality has increased 2016, women comprised over 50% of worlds 232m migrants (first time over 1/2) (comprise 70/80% in some countries) growing no. migrate as family breadwinner to enhance econ. opps by seeking jobs/ education. in charge of remittances: choose to spend money on health/education so improved welfare enhanced independence, authority and worth, introduced to equitable social norms, improves rights return home w/ SOCIAL REMITTANCES e.g. change gender stereotypes men who have already migrated bring families to join them (% of women migrating to Greece doubled form 11-22% in 2016) women and children are more likely to receive protection in EU countries, so risk the journey more frequently BUT will be trafficked, suffer human rights abuses e.g. assault, rape

Answer 69

main reason = econ.: great employment opps, higher wages, remittances pop.structure of migrant pops in Asia 2013: male dominated and largest groups= young, aged 25-39 demand for workers in oil-producing countries of Middle East e.g. UAE, Qatar = labour driven. flows dominated by young mass with high proportion working in construction. majority are low skilled: 2.6% work in education and 3.6% in health

Answer 70

S-S: 83 million and 36% S-N: 82 million and 35% 2013

Answer 71

2/3 in 2013 Bangladesh-india corridor has the word's 3rd largest bilateral flow of 3.3m migrants

Answer 72

increased no. of refugees fleeing persecution/ conflict e.g. 2.3m have migrated from Afghanistan to Pakistan

Answer 73

1. restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from the south attempting to enter the north; often in response they redirect their migration to another south country 2.the number of fast-growing economies in the south which offer employment opportunities and are increasingly accessible 3. increased awareness of opportunities in the south resulting from improved communications and developing social and business networks 4. preventative costs of moving to more distant ricer countries

Answer 74

Brazil -> Portugal South Asia -> Australia and USA N Africa/Middle East -> Europe South Asia -> Middle East intra-regional within Africa

Answer 75

cultural links and colonial ties some due to 2000 financial crash, which did not hit Brazil badly established links and diasporal communities increased quality of education and decreased inequality and unemployment in Europe

Answer 76

LIDCs/EDCs->ACs economic migrants increased GDP and QoL, so social remittances increased job opportunities, so remittances are sent home brain drain and conflict/xenophobia

Answer 77

economic migrants refugees/asylum seekers fleeing in search of safety brain drain and conflict/xenophobia increased GDP and QoL, so social remittances increased job opportunities, so remittances sent home

Answer 78

economic migrants, who are mainly young men rapid increase in development require many construction workers, which means an increased income for s asians, who send remittances home

Answer 79

refugees and asylum seekers travel short distances to flee conflict and violations of human rights economic migrants migrate to regional hubs e.g. South Africa

Answer 80

high levels of intra-regional international migration in Western Africa Burkina Faso is landlocked, LIDC, GDP of £820 per capita Ivory Coast GDP is £1716 per capita, worlds largest exporter of cocoa, LIDC/EDC in 2018, 243,776 ivorians in BF, many having fled conflict in IC 927,756 born in BF living in IC

Answer 81

employment opportunities and higher wages in IC's cocoa/coffee plantations income disparity is fairly small but sufficient to encourage significant flows opportunities for migrant farmers in more fertile lands in IC former French colonial administration in both: shared language, culture, currency so increased ease for BF to travel to the more prosperous IC

Answer 82

very significant magnitude: most migrants LARGE SCALE ONLY happening due to economic globalisation creating new host-source countries

Answer 83

UNHCR says it has increased from 15.7m in 2012 to 26m in 2019

Answer 84

2019, syria= largest source (had been Afghanistan from 1985 to 2015) turkey= largest host

Answer 85

a person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee. those judged not to be refugees nor requiring protection are sent back to their home country 16.2 million asylum applications

Answer 86

civil war began march 2011 6.6m IDPs 5.6m international refugees: a high % of these moved short distances major factor in recent increase in number of refugees

Answer 87

long journeys e.g. to EU depends on wealth high % of international refugees moved short distances e.g. Lebanon received 892,000, turkey received 3.6m. therefore their services were overwhelmed so Lebanon introduced the requirement for an entry visa in January 2015

Answer 88

effects of conflict including personal safety, loss of homes, access to services, damage to infrastructure including communications political persecution, discrimination and violation of human rights economic hardship including forced labour and modern slavery impacts of natural hazards

Answer 89

the number of new conflicts is increasing more complex pattern of refugees and asylum seekers e.g. syria has complex pattern: although many move to neighbouring countries, others have sought asylum in europe so there are multiple destinations. journeys to europe are complex bc migrants have chosen not to stay in first point of entry, Greece, but move through S europe to Germany. opposition to their movement e.g. by Hungary has led to complexities at border crossings addition of illegal economic migrants from N Africa increases complexity bc Govs must determine who are genuine asylum seekers and who are not

Answer 90

not global spatially uneven (not conflicts everywhere, mainly LIDCs) temporally uneven (spikes in refugees e.g. syria 2011, N Africa 2016) intra-regional/ short distances bc they cannot afford long migrations and can therefore overwhelm host countries, which arises political issues (who pays for refugees?)

Answer 91

australia pakistan canada changes in government policies regarding immigration and emigration can also affect flows of people by encouraging or discouraging movement in or out

Answer 92

laws governing economic migration vary over time in line with changes in workforce needs e.g. UK gov adopted 'open door' approach in 1950s and early 2000s in relation to skills and labour shortages arising host countries differ greatly in terms of how liberal their international migration rules are

Answer 93

gov adopts liberal immigration rules to become integrated into global systems inward investment from TNCs may depend partly on the ease with which a company can transfer senior staff into a nation

Answer 94

1970s, gov had 'White Australia Policy' since the 1970s, Australia has operated a non-racial skills based 'points' system, controlling who is allowed to enter the country australia has had a different approach to asylum seekers. mandatory detention centres introduced in 1992 due to rise in no. of asylum seekers from Asia 2001, offshore detention centres in Papua New Guinea until 2009, reducing no. of unauthorised arrivals by boat 2012, >100 boats carrying >5000 refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq in particular arrived in australia. 100s died en route 2013, 'Operation Sovereign Borders' established: no migrants arriving illegally by boat would ever be granted asylum to discourage people smuggling by boat

Answer 95

encouraged young, mainly european families to migrate there some uk families were offered assisted passages, costing just £10 this affected the present day cultural mix in australia and is a reason why British are largest foreign born immigrant group in australia today

Answer 96

prospective migrants must pass a points based skills test, based on employment record (to match skills shortages), educational qualifications, age and the ability to speak English done to help them increase their pool of skilled and professional people

Answer 97

gov= pro-emigration. there are 7m Pakistanis working abroad. 96% of these are in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries 2013, migrant remittances= $11.5b (5th largest in world): vital for socioeconomic development of pakistan national policy has requirement to promote emigration and protect migrants

Answer 98

lower-middle income country 196.1m population in 2014. 45% of which are under 20 y/o GDP $4736 per capita HDI= 0.537

Answer 99

promote export of manpower abroad encourage female participation in overseas employment support for social networks abroad ratification of conventions regarding worker and human rights training institutions for youth= preparation to work abroad

Answer 100

population= 35.1 million AC GDP= $44,843 per capita, 2013 GDP growth rate of 2.5% HDI= 0.902

Answer 101

changes made to immigration policy in 2015 to address skills gap in labour market aimed at canals LT requirements for engineers, IT specialists and healthcare workers migrants ranked on point system, which enables young, highly skilled immigrants to be fast-tracked e.g. in 20s, graduates job offer grants lots of points tries to employ own citizens first ST: canada has agreed to take 10,000 Syrian refugees over a 30 year period form 2015

Answer 102

ACs bc their laws dominate/control flows of migrants (=destination countries) LIDCs' migration policies usually encourage emigration: can be very beneficial to developing nation due to social and monetary remittances. however the direction of emigration/flows of migrants is limited by destination countries as Acs can be selective

Answer 103

ACs: tend to have more benefits than negatives from migration (if disadvantages dominated, Acs wouldn't allow the migration to occur) LIDCs: more positive benefits from migrant remittances. can have negative impacts bc AC will want and only accept young, econ. active workforce-> BRAIN DRAIN for source country.

Answer 104

some routes along which migration is more marked than others many are between southern countries, usually intra-regional (short distance)

Answer 105

migration flow between 2 countries. number of migrants, their composition and the directions of flow are important characteristics

Answer 106

costs of travel which may be related to proximity ease of access & communication between the 2 countries efficiency and cost of sending remittances employment opps and wage differentials established diaspora communities and networks effects of conflict & persecution migration policy (accession to econ. unions & refugees) former colonial influence e.g. language, culture

Answer 107

Mexico->usa= established route: large and long-standing before, now significantly reduced Myanmar->thailand= large no.s of refugees: new significant flow

Answer 108

NOT V SIGNIFICANT other factors have caused bilateral flows (more as a result of other causes e.g. globalisation, conflict etc) global integration & interdependence have proceeded rapidly w/ increasing flows of trade/capital/tech/info/ideas/peoples: playing an important part in these globalisation processes, contributing significantly in socio-eco. interdependence

Answer 109

many migrants move illegally and are not officially registered

Answer 110

LIDC-EDC: usually clever, young, hardworking migrants filling in more sophisticated, skilled, higher paying jobs in labour market: drivers of eon. growth/dev BUT brain drain in the LIDC. but also often lower-skilled, construction workers LIDC-AC: migrants fill less wanted gaps in labour market and stimulate econ. growth and PME. more temporary migration potentially. more skilled migrants also move to AC for higher pay. remittances and brain drain.

Answer 111

less dev. countries see pos. impacts of migration e.g. remittances and taxes causing PME and speeding up econ. growth. more reliant on remittances and migrant workers but also are more impacted by Brain drain

Answer 112

Portuguese

Answer 113

the idea that 2 places impact on each other and are mutually reliant on each other; this could be politically, socially or economically

Answer 114

spain/portugal Japan haiti

Answer 115

longs-standing bilateral relationship. Brazil was a former colony of Portugal: Portuguese gov gives special status to Brazilian immigrants for eon. migrants, Portugal is a gateway for entry to the EU due to shared language, ancestry and family ties easing the transition and integration reciprocal migration is supported by the well-developed social diaspora networks in both countries migrant remittances are an important econ. factor for many families

Answer 116

portugal to brazil= 140,000 Brazil to portugal=140,000 2013

Answer 117

political, econ. and humanitarian relations National Immigration Council for Brazil enables Haitians immigrants to obtain visas fairly easily in Haiti, reducing their vulnerability to trafficking networks: BENEFIT to Haitians who have struggled to recover from 2010 EQ and 2012 hurricane sandy Haitians may intend to join friends/family in SE of Brazil were low-skilled jobs are available in agriculture and factories of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina

Answer 118

1.5 million displaced

Answer 119

Haitians attempting to escape political instability, unemployment, poverty, poor access to education, country's appalling human rights record (esp. gender-based violence)

Answer 120

much xenophobia is present, leading to friction between local people and immigrants many in shelters awaiting documentation. poor hygiene and sanitation, overcrowded so v. poor QoL easy prey for people looking for slave labour so are exploited

Answer 121

1000s of low-skilled econ. migrants working in USA remit significant monies, while returning migrants contribute to Brazilian dev. with their acquired skills and knowledge(strong links in education and teacher training) highly skilled Brazilians find opps to work in USA esp. in service sector, BRAIN DRAIN USA negotiated agreements w/ Brazil regarding agriculture, trade, finance, education, defence USAID gives support to Brazil in env. projects e.g. practical help training Xavante indigenous people to protect their tribal lands from forest fires and assisting Brazilian gov designing and implementing laws concerning forest governance and sustainable forest management

Answer 122

USA to Brazil: 20,000 Brazil to USA: 370,000

Answer 123

1908= start of the long-established link therefore japanese culture is v. integrated: BRAZILIANISATION of migrants so mix of cultures anti Japanese-migrants in USA, so they went to Latin America esp. Brazil 188,000 japanese migrants to Brazil between 1908 and 1941 brazilian GDP dropped (stagnation of economy) so there was mass return migration to Japan (they could earn 4-5 times more money in Brazil) BRAIN DRAIN IN BRAZIL. Japan economy boom in 1990s LT= less xenophobia, more assimilation of culture, established japanese communities

Answer 124

Japan to Brazil= 50,000 Brazil to Japan=370,000

Answer 125

growth of TNCs accelerates cross-border mutual exchanges of money and merchandise flows of migrant workers are often essential for a country's economic success: in return, migrants send home remittances to source country in an interconnected world, many countries are no longer self-sufficient in vital commodities e.g. food, energy, water. there are widespread relations of mutual reliance

Answer 126

international migration builds extensive family networks across national borders. this can strengthen friendships between countries (e.g. India and the UK) remittances sent home by migrants generates up to 38% of GDP for some poorer states (Tonga). Funds families' education and health. migrants contribute to health and education of host country e.g. NHS workers, taxes social remittances brought by return migrants

Answer 127

growth of trade blocs (EU, ASEAN) has created complex international & global gov. structures which countries co-create and are legally bound by Govs of some pairs/groups of countries depend on each other during econ/political crises e.g. UK and USA the World Bank, IMF and WTO work globally to harmonise national economic rules

Answer 128

never been a greater need to co-operate on global environmental threats e.g. CC, ocean pollution, biodiversity loss. bc all countries depend on global common, there is mutual nee to share responsibility and help mitigate risks agreements and treaties only work if mass of countries ratify them e.g. 2015 Paris Agreement aid through environmental projects e.g. USA and Brazil debt swap

Answer 129

waves of immigration contributed to growth in agricultural and manufacturing sectors recent arrivals of highly skilled profs with employment contracts have contributed to entrepreneurship, innovation and reducing gaps in the labour market emigration resulted in migrant remittances sent to Brazil, used by families to improve houses, for education & in general consumption: contributed to dev. at all scales bilateral trade agreements e.g. w/ Japan

Answer 130

$3.8b in 2020 0.25% of GDP

Answer 131

>450 japanese companies operate out of Brazil & Brazil ranks 10th for FDI into Japan. Brazil supplies minerals, coffee, chicken and wood to Japan (70% of all bauxite used in Japan for aluminium is from Brazil) boosts GDP

Answer 132

Brazil has stable & democratic political system & is important member of G20 and OECD & is a BRIC (emerging economy) MERCOSUR leading member: trading bloc w/ free flow of trade, capital & labour migration. has helped S American integration and promotion of political stability stable political relationships between Brazil & countries with which it shares sig. bilateral flows (USA,Japan) Brazil= important receiver of env & political refugees; gov accepts responsibility for their welfare & employment prospects by providing visas & work permits politicians concerned about losing elections as result of anti-immigration backlash haitian immigrants=conc in NW so can be a source of political instability

Answer 133

arrival of inter-regional e.g. european workers promotes cultural diversity in Brazil UNESCO says there are inequalities in Brazilian society between different ethnic groups. inequalities exist in housing provision, access to services, educational attainment & income. Brazilian of African descent r most affected inequalities have a spatial perspective w/ poverty conc in rural areas/ favelas where poor migrate to prejudice & discrimination in labour market esp. against black/indigenous pops: impedes their full eon,political & social dev illegal migrants accept poor working conditions & low wages @ jobs bc of vulnerable position

Answer 134

net migration loss is high: 1.1 migrants per 1000 of population in 2014 930,000 migrants in Thailand in 2013 200,000 migrants to USA in 2013 economic migrants leaving for higher wages and more job opportunities in more developed countries highest immigrant group= 10,000 from Vietnam (all immigrant groups intraregional) interdependence between Laos and Thailand (EDC, developing, closest wealthy state) immigration is minimal. immigrants work there on World Bank funded programs or large construction projects

Answer 135

limited incomes (e.g. subsistence farming) and financial processes w/ lack of alternatives in rural areas food insecurity, water shortages, droughts, too little land daily minimum wage in Thailand is 3x higher, so higher monthly earnings. for many families, remittances are the main income low education levels, so pop. is only suited to unskilled jobs: plenty of these in Thailand migration is easier due to language, culture and brokers assisting passage established routes

Answer 136

ASEAN member since 1997 73% employed in agriculture landlocked LIDC 7.5 million population GDP/capita $2535 (2021)

Answer 137

Laos= source country for human trafficking with 1/3 of pop. under 15y/o, plenty are entering working age w/ few prospects so are easy targets. forced labour and sex work in Thailand are issues of concern to gov. and international organisations PROBLEM: gov. policies have been ineffective so people leave w/o passport and are fined on return. gov. now work closely with UN agencies (e.g. UNICEF) and NGOs (e.g. Save the Children) to implement stronger controls national plan of action for human trafficking aims: prevention (awareness to decrease poverty and therefore emigration), protection (reintegration of migrants e.g. shelters for women), prosecution (stronger border controls and laws to punish traffickers) ASEAN member so has freer movement of skilled labour e.g. healthcare

Answer 138

positive feedback loop created! migration corridor is dominated by outward flow of unskilled Laotians to Thailand, contributing to Thai economy in construction, agriculture, fisheries, factory work. remittances aid development in Laos Mekong River Commission to mange flooding & economic activities in basin e.g. Don Sahong HEP rail links agreements signed in 2012 open Laos up to development and increase the interdependence between L,T and Vietnam Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) Co-operation Committee established. friendship bridge strengthens communications and trade. Thailand= principal access to sea for Laos and has funded large health service development and drugs treatment centre

Answer 139

migration corridor between Laos and Thailand= 1 of largest in ASEAN, has helped stimulate political & econ. cooperation in terms of trade, investment, dev. projects & security bilateral relations w/ Vietnam extend beyond reciprocal labour migration: there is econ. cooperation e.g. Vietnam involved in >400 investment projects in Laos migrant remittances = $435m (8% of GDP) so v. important to life of returnees & migrants' families. esp. bc 22% below poverty line in Laos so dev. promoted & sig. econ. impacts local scale. PME political stability improving between Laos, Thailand & Vietnam increased skills (but 16% said not improved) ,working experience and gained network means knowledge is brought back and can have higher wages in future

Answer 140

most econ. migrants from Laos are low-skilled, less educated and <18y/o @ 1st migration. many travel illegally so are vulnerable to human trafficking, forced labour and exploitation. Laos gov. policy is difficult to implement, and, for its success, depends on transnational governance by orgs e.g. Civil Society, UN loss of skilled labour e.g. mechanics to Thailand (BRAIN DRAIN & pos. feedback loop). set to increase if wage differentials remain high and there is freer movement within ASEAN members Laos garment industry= largest sector of manufacturing employment, but its growth depends on improved working conditions in factories of Vientiane & retention of many young female workers who may leave seeking higher wages in Thailand 2001-11: >1500 human trafficking victims, leading to mental and physical health impacts migrants lack access to healthcare

Answer 141

has strong influence on global migration bc attracts people & is honeypot destination increasing numbers of immigrants but rate of growth may be slowing

Answer 142

13% 41 million people

Answer 143

78 9 w/ over 1 million

Answer 144

Mexico, china, philippines, india, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, cuba, south korea, vietnam

Answer 145

v. high % of population is of Mexican origin in SW (near Mexican border/ within territory which previously belonged to Mexico) spatial variation, more impacts on border states higher conc in cities

Answer 146

economic crash/recession so less jobs available industries migrants work in e.g. construction especially hit so less immigrants (some return to Mexico) migration policies also became stricter (esp. under trump presidency)

Answer 147

economy booming immigration laws were relaxed

Answer 148

130 million due to birth rate and immigration

Answer 149

>3000 border control officers fence along 1/3 of it border control resources are stretched bc 140,000 immigrants per month in 2018

Answer 150

10% of pop will go to USA in next 10 years if rate stays the same violence, poverty, drought. children increase chance of staying BRAIN DRAIN

Answer 151

South-North intra regional migrant flow

Answer 152

USA. richer country always controls the flow (through immigration policies and border control) and will always benefit more from the flows. exacerbates inequalities between countries.

Answer 153

well paid jobs (wage differentials so opportunities to send remittances) GNP of $24,750 many job opportunities for both low & high skilled workers

Answer 154

esp in 1995-2000, immigration policies encouraged migration of economic migrants in line with gaps in labour market (Green Card) (esp. w/ democrats in charge) possibility of obtaining Green Card

Answer 155

excellent medical facilities: 400 people per doctor adult literacy rates 99% life expectancy 76 years family reunification

Answer 156

family visa econ. visa / Green Card refugee visa diverse immigrant visa humanitarian visa

Answer 157

675,000 separate number of refugees

Answer 158

reunification of famlies- 480,000 visas available yearly for family members to join US citizens/legal residents

Answer 159

admission of migrants with skills valuable to US economy: 140,000 visas available for highly skilled workers, normally sponsored by employer for specific job offer

Answer 160

protecting refugees: no. of admissions decided yearly in 2013, 70,000

Answer 161

promoting diversity. 50,000 immigrant visas per year, drawn by random selection, from countries w/ low rates of immigration to USA 2014= mainly African countries

Answer 162

humanitarian relief. temporary visas each year for relief from natural disasters or ongoing armed conflict

Answer 163

in 2013, 11.5m Mexicans in USA and 1m Americans in Mexico each has its largest diaspora living in the other therefore grows social and cultural connectivity

Answer 164

low-skilled Mexicans (mainly illegal) contribute to US econ. by working in agriculture, construction & low-paid services. wage differentials so opps for remittances via formal channels: $22b in 2013= 2% of Mexico GDP since NAFTA formation, bilateral trade between USA/Mexico has increased significantly. reciprocal merchandise= $1.4b daily. Mexican industry has benefitted e.g. dev. of aerospace and IT sectors boosted by FDI from USA

migration Flashcards

(191 cards)