power and borders Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
what does the world map show? characteristic of world map
A
territories of sovereign nation-states
it is dynamic
2
Q
what is a sovereign nation-state?
A
a spatially bound area of land, defining and independent, self-governing country
3
Q
examples of the dynamic nature of the world map
A
South Sudan seceded form Sudan in 2011, following civil war
15 countries formed in east Europe/ Central Asia by the secession from the USSR in 1991
Germany achieved unity in 1990
Czechoslovakia underwent dissolution in 1993 into Czech Republic and Slovakia
4
Q
what do the changes to the world map influence?
A
economic and social geography e.g. ethnic groups and global patterns of trade and migration
5
Q
what political and economic groups have been created by the world map changes?
A
G20 and G7
global organisations e.g. UN, World Bank, IMF
regional trading blocs e.g. EU
6
Q
recent expansions of the EU?
A
Croatia in 2013
Bulgaria and Romania in 2007
7
Q
state definition
A
an area of land, of an independent country, with clear boundaries, and organised by a single government
8
Q
characteristics of states?
A
defined territory (internationally recognised)
sovereignty (political authority is strong and effective throughout the territory)
government which is internationally recognised
capacity to engage in formal relations with other states
independence
permanent population with self-determination
9
Q
how can governments be internationally recognised?
A
through UN elected membership
10
Q
what is state apparatus?
A
a set of institutions and organisations through which state power is achieved
11
Q
what can economic power be measured in terms of?
A
trade and wealth generated
12
Q
what can military power depend on?
A
wealth and government policy
13
Q
what does state power depend on?
A
natural resources (and ability to exploit them)
location
demographic structure
industrial development
trade strength
wealth
government policy
14
Q
what is the degree of resilience measured by?
A
the Fund for Peace (FFP) Fragile States Index
15
Q
what is the global pattern of the degree of resilience based on
A
many social, economic, political and military indices e.g. refugees per capita, political prisoners
16
Q
nation definition
A
a group of people with strong bonds of identity, united by shared descent, history, traditions, culture and language
17
Q
is a state or nation more important?
A
state allows international relations: power system and means there is a responsibility to look after people
nation creates sense of unity and belonging
therefore nations should be taken into account when creating states
18
Q
difference between nation and state
A
state= political concept with legal responsibilities in a defined territory, internationally recognised
nation= group of people with strong cultural bonds, no fixed territory, evolves over time
19
Q
how is a nation different to a state spatially?
example
A
a nation may be confined to 1 country or its people may live across adjoining countries. some are scattered globally in the diaspora. many states contain several national groups
Kurdish nation= a non-arab, Middle Eastern population in Kurdistan (eastern turkey, ne Iraq, nw Iran, ne syria, armenia). kurds, like their ancestors, are semi-nomadic
20
Q
do nations have sovereignty?
A
no; they are united by culture but without a state or sovereign power
21
Q
what is a nation referred to when it has an independent state of its own?
A
a nation-state
22
Q
nation state definition and examples
A
a state whose boundaries and sovereignty match with the geographical area of a nation e.g. Japan, France
23
Q
why do most states call themselves nation-states?
A
because every government attempts to build a sense of national identity among its citizens: nation building
24
Q
how do governments go about nation building?
A
through education system and media
25
sovereignty definition
the authority which independent states exercise in the government of the land and people in their territories
26
territorial integrity definition
principle that the defined territory of a state, over which it has exclusive and legitimate control, is inviolable
27
how are territorial integrity and sovereignty linked?
states exercise their sovereignty within a specific territory, bounded by international law
28
where does the Charter of the UN refer to the importance of territorial integrity?
article 2.4
29
what is the preservation of territorial integrity important for?
achieving and maintaining international security and stability
30
intervention definition
involvement in the affairs of another state (to end gross violations of human rights) e.g. peacekeeping, mediation, humanitarian support
31
broad examples of intervention
economic sanctions (detailed in article 41 of UN charter)
military intervention authorised by UN in article 42
missions of regional organisations e.g. NATO
humanitarian assistance by NGOs and aid agencies
32
when is intervention deemed necessary?
in circumstances e.g:
state governments failing to protect citizens from human rights violations as a direct act of aggression by another state
where civil war is a result of poor governance
where there is conflict between ethnic groups
where terrorism has serious effects
where TNCs have negative impacts
33
why is intervention controversial?
principal of sovereignty is undermined by it
34
what are norms and what are they embedded in?
moral principles, customs and ways of living that are internationally accepted as standard behaviour
are embedded in international law to be upheld by state governments and their citizens
35
what are norms based on (UN)
principles in the UN Charter which refer to customary, internationally accepted behaviour of state governments, including:
state responsibilities of maintaining the global system of sovereign states with bounded territories
protecting their citizens
36
what does sovereign authority mean?
all states have equal right to determine their own form of government which can make decisions concerning the people and resources in its territory, but must also respect the sovereignty of other states
37
why are the number of norms increasing?
in charters of regional organisations e.g. EU and ASEAn, they are reinforcing the norms regarding sovereignty and territorial integrity
38
what does geopolitics involve?
the global balance of political power and international relations.
39
is geopolitical power even throughout the world? why?
NO
powerful ACs e.g. USA have lots of power
EDCs have less
LIDCs have even less
supranational institutions e.g UN,EU exert strong geopolitical influence
trans-state organisations have increasing influence on countries due to globalisation
40
what needs to be considered about the geopolitics of intervention into issues?
the international community must consider:
why it is necessary to intervene
how to appropriately intervene
the country's features
people and governments affected
potential socio-economic, environmental and political effects
the political composition of the area/countries
41
what does the effectiveness of intervention rely on?
interaction and co-ordination at every scale
42
what does the effectiveness of intervention rely on?
interaction and co-ordination at every scale
43
geopolitics definition
the influence of human and physical geography on government activities, law making and decision making
44
self-determination definition
right of a group with a distinctive territorial integrity to freely determine its political status and freely pursue its economic, social and cultural development.
45
where does Westphalian sovereignty come from,
what does it mean
and what are its implications
treaty of Westphalia, west Germany, 1648
established a principle of non-intervention in another sovereign state
makes it illegal to invade other states
makes sovereignty and territorial integrity key to a state and to international relations
46
beyond spatial land area, what does sovereign authority apply to?
rocks, solid, minerals and space beneath the surface
agreed areas of sea and sea-bed resources
agreed air space
47
what is ethnic dominance?
what does it impact?
a difference in social power between ethnic groups and is a common and influential aspect of inter-ethnic relationships and may have strong effects on co-operation
48
why is political dominance of ethnic groups a challenge to state sovereignty?
if a group has a particularly strong cultural identity and unity they might demand independence e.g. Tuareg in Mali
challenges can also arise when conflict occurs between two or more ethnic groups within a state and the government is unable to protect/defend all of its citizens
49
examples of areas with issues of ethnic dominance?
south sudan
Basque region
kurdistan
50
ethnic dominance; example of south sudan
a large state with dozens of ethnic groups/ indigenous tribes within it
the Dinka and Nuer tribes' conflicts was fuelled by political differences between politicians/ leaders which originate from these tribes
Dinka makes up 35.8% of pop
Nuer makes up 15.6%
51
ethnic dominance; example of kurdistan
a large nation divided across 4 states; syria, Iraq, Iran, turkey
93% voted in favour of independence in 2017
7.8 million population
the separation movement has had some violent moments and several wars fought around the subject of their independence. this undermines the authority of the governments which rule over the 4 countries
52
ethnic dominance; example of Basque region
spans across west end of border of France and Spain; 3 counties in France and 4 in Spain
population 3.1million
culture, language and tradition is distinct to the area and is displayed in their food, architecture and dance
despite their political autonomy, nationalists demand the right to self determination
separatist movement is called ETA and has carried out terrorist attacks up until 2011. protests have also been peaceful
53
where is political dominance of ethnic groups a larger issue?
in newer countries with less stable governments which have weaker foundations.
LIDCs also tend to have more tribal and ethnically diverse populations which are separate to the government and rarely interact
54
the challenges of TNCs in sovereign states
TNCs have recently expanded operations not regarding any state boundaries. due to their large, economic power, some states have partially lost control of their territory, environment, workforce and (in extremes) their own political decisions
TNCs also disrespect human rights, e.g. exploiting workers, underpaying them, demanding working overtime and long hours, poor working conditions and the use of child labour
55
examples of TNCs challenging sovereignty
Shell in Nigeria
Meta
56
how does Meta challenge sovereignty?
controls information fed to population through algorithms, therefore potentially influencing their political ideas and what they are exposed to
this shapes opinions and elections
57
how has shell challenged Nigeria's sovereignty?
oil in country has attracted Shell, who set up a huge network and employed many Nigerian people in the Niger Delta
Ken Saro Wiwa and other Ogoni leaders being executed in 1995 by the government for peacefully protesting against the socioeconomic, environmental and humanitarian issues caused by Shell's operations.
Recently, shell claimed it had inserted staff into all the mainstream ministries of the Nigerian government, giving it access to the politician's every move in the oil-rich delta (according to a leaked US diplomatic cable)
this led to corruption and undermined sovereignty
58
Nigeria oil figures
Africas leading oil producer
8th biggest oil exporter in the world
accounts for 8% of all US oil imports
59
where do TNCs present more of a challenge to sovereignty?
in LIDCs, where dependence can be developed on the value to the economy which is provided by the TNCs. (eroding sovereignty and influencing political decisions).
more difficult in ACs as they already have more economic power and are less reliant
60
why are TNCs such a tricky issue to tackle?
their influence is gradual and ongoing. they practically become part of the state.
the companies also operate all over the globe and are not bound to one specific country, making them harder to monitor
61
what is a supranational institution?
examples
a multinational union or association in which member countries cede authority and sovereignty on at least some internal matters to the group, whose decisions are binding on its members
e.g. UN, WHO, NATO, Five Eyes. regional trading blocks such as EU, MERCOSUR, ASEAN
62
how do supranational institutions and sovereignty link?
within the institutions, member states retain their sovereignty (independent, equal rights, control over and responsibility for their citizens), but are bound to the requirements e.g. any treaties signed. they are said to surrender some aspects of their sovereignty
63
what challenges to sovereignty can supranational institutions lead to?
institution limits economic/political actions of member states by enforcing certain laws and undermining their sovereignty e.g. EU members cannot set own interest rates
loss of border control increases smuggling and illegal trade, limiting a state's assets and damaging its economy
loss of national power in favour of larger government
UN have given themselves the right to intervention through the responsibility to save people from violations of human rights.
64
example of supranational institution undermining sovereignty
brexit; led to state leaving the EU
65
reason for brexit?
some citizens believed the state was being limited and confined by EU's restrictive laws e.e. border control, fishing quotas, trading, contribution to large bail-out fund e.g. for Greece's debt crisis in 2015
Britain couldn't pass their own laws if they conflicted with those of the EU, and it was obligatory to implement all the bloc's rules (even those which UK had voted against)
66
what did brexit benefit?
vaccine rollout during COVID-19 and led to the state's recovery happening faster than many other European states due to control over trade. when Uk had 40% vaccinated, EU had only jabbed 12-14%
67
negatives of BREXIT
14% fall in UK exports to the EU in 2021
state's European influence has decreased drastically and UK has retreated from the global power networks of the 21st century
UK's GDP has grown 3.8% since referendum; EU's has grown by 8.5%
68
where do supranational institution's challenges to sovereignty affect more?
in ACs/ developed countries as they are not as reliant on the new trade opportunities to develop so will not put up with the negatives to gain from this
in LIDCs, the International trading opportunities and influence gained can kickstart industrialisation and economic development, so the challenges are more often accepted here to benefit form the convenience and structure of being a member state.
different countries within the institutions have uneven power e.g. Germany has lots of power in Europe through EU (less negatives)
69
what is a political boundary?
an imaginary line which separates one political unit e.g. a state from another
70
what is the current system of nation-states with clearly-defined political boundaries based on?
the Westphalian model, which stands for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
these principles are reinforced by the UN charter
71
what is the system of political boundaries challenged by?
contested territory
separatism
transnational movement of terrorism
contested maritime boundaries
the legacy of colonialism
72
examples of contested territories
Russia's annexation of Crimea and support for separatists in Ukraine
contested islands in the South China Sea
73
examples of separatism
claims for secession by Basque and Catalan national groups in Spain and France and Scottish nationalists in the UK
74
example of trans-national movement of terrorism
political boundary disagreements enhance acts of terrorism, presenting a security threat that challenges a state's survival and puts its sovereignty at risk
e.g. across turkey-syria border, where smuggling of foreign fighters, oil, weapons and other military supplies threatens the territorial integrity & sovereign control of the 2 countries
ISIS is a threat to territorial integrity by trying to create their own state; attempting to take land from the states they are in
75
examples of contested maritime boundaries
many are disputed over resources and exploration rights
in areas with lots of states nearby, maritime boundaries will overlap
e.g. boundary dispute in Atlantic waters off Ivory Coast and Ghana where oil reserves are being exploited
South China Sea, where China are building islands to gain the maritime area around them
76
legacy of colonialism causing challenges to political boundaries?
'scramble for Africa'; arbitrary political boundaries and European administration of territory caused ethnic partitioning e.g. Mali
77
Mali background info
North Mali= vast desert region in which Tuareg are the dominating ethnic group
South is where majority of economic activity is; contains capital Bamako
country is landlocked and overall poor
gold and cotton exports generate majority of income
Mali relies heavily on foreign aid and migrant remittances
mutual distrust between Bamako and North has led to Malian instability for decades
78
Mali sovereignty issues
Tuareg claimed territorial and cultural rights over area in NE Mali; Azawad
Tuareg 2012 rebellion waged war against government. aim was independence for Azawad. led by MNLA and involved illegal trade and smuggling
79
resolving issues of Tuareg conflict in Mali
MINUSMA, established by UN Security Council in 2013, was set up to resolves sovereignty issues by supporting the state's political progress to re-establish state authority
NGOs aid local communities (especially in North) e.g. education, water, hygiene, sanitation, food security
80
significance of political boundaries challenging sovereignty?
determine distribution of resources, divide areas of military control and economic markets, create areas of legal rule
can influence state's identity, International relations e.t.c
separation of ethnic groups and resources due to colonial history can lead to problems
less issues in long-established borders with a stable governmental rule
areas with geographical divides e.g. mountains and rivers will not experience as many issues
81
what percentage of Crimea is ethnically Russian and what percentage speak Russian as their native language?
60%
50%
82
why do east Ukraine and Crimea not feel strong ties to Kiev?
they are a long way from the capital, where the government is situated and the majority is pro-EU
83
Ukraine population ethnic split?
17% russian
77% ukrainian
84
election political results in Ukraine 2004 and 2010
2004: Crimea and Donbas voted for yanukovych, Kiev voted pro-eu and all numbers were over 60% majorities except 3 regions
2010: Donbass and Crimea voted yanukovych. Kiev voted pro-eu
85
ethnic and politics in Ukraine?
clear ethnic and political divide; strong links between the east and Russia
86
what do the strong links between east ukraine and Russia provide?
reason for Putin to invade and 'protect ethnic russians'
87
ukraine was part of the USSR until when?
1991
88
when did Yanukovych decide not to sign the EU deal and why was this a challenge to the state's sovereignty?
November 2013
many of the people in Ukraine wanted this political deal. as a result, the pro-EU population felt unrepresented by their gov and that other governments were try9ing to control Ukraine, which would undermine their sovereignty
89
what did yanukovych's decision to not dsign the EU deal lead to?
how did this challenge sovereignty?
protests by the pro-EU people in West Ukraine (euromaidan), who didn't want to be part of Russia. the population was trying to overthrow the pro-russian yanukovych and government and their decisions, undermining their authority and right to rule
90
how were the Russian government trying to control ukraine in December 2013?
how did this undermine sovereignty?
they gave $15bn to Ukraine because they wanted the state to be more Russian. Their attempt to gain power in and control over Ukraine, and ultimately influencing their political decisions, undermines their sovereignty
91
how did yanukovych being forced to flee challenge sovereignty?
elected official being kicked out of power, overthrowing the government and therefore removing the right to rule undermines its sovereignty. citizens have challenged this through self-determination.
92
when did the pro-EU government come into power and what did it try to do? How could this decision lead to sovereignty challenges?
February 2014
tried to ban Russian as a language
exacerbates ethnic divide between west and east of Ukraine, so could lead to another protest since it is not possible to satisfy the entire population. this would fuel future challenges to sovereignty
93
when did Russian parliament approve Putin's request to use Russian forces across Ukraine (in particular Crimea)?
1st March 2014
Putin denied the troops were his until Russia had control over Crimea. militia had moved in, but he claimed they were helping pro-russian crimean citizens
94
how did Russia's invasion of Crimea challenge Ukraine's sovereignty?
the annexation meant Ukraine no longer had authority, control or power within part of their internationally recognised territory
95
international response to the Russian invasion of crimea?
2nd march Obama urges Putin to pull forces back, disapproving of his action
sanctions put in place against russia
96
causes of conflict in Ukraine
ethnic/linguistic differences
political instability and disagreement
weak government
military action
geographical position (between Russia and countries of the EU)
97
causes of Ukrainian conflict: ethnic/linguistic differences
2 main groups are Ukrainian (77.8%) and Russian (17.3%)
inability to build common national identity
Russian-speaking provinces in east and Ukrainian-speaking west
98
causes of Ukrainian conflict: political instability and disagreement
ukraine gained independence following collapse of Soviet Union in 1991. since then democracy, civil liberty, economic reform and prosperity have been difficult to achieve
internal political division between Russian east and Ukrainian west
attempts to rig elections
99
causes of Ukrainian conflict: weak government
inability to develop strong state mechanisms: there has been endemic corruption, attempts to rig an election, unpopular government policies and demonstrations (some of which have been very violent)
2004 Orange Revolution and 2013 Euromaidan
economy had really struggled since 2004 under weak governance
100
causes of Ukrainian conflict&challenges to gov: military action
invasion and annexation of Crimea, an autonomous republic of Ukraine, in 2014 by the Russian federation followed shortly after the election of the pro-west Poroschenko government
military conflict in Donbass region of eastern Ukraine where pro-Russian separatists have been supported by the Russian federation providing manpower, weaponry and finance
101
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on people
evacuation
deaths
bombed towns
102
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on people: evacuation
1.47m of 5.2m inhabitants of Lugansk and Donetsk oblasts are IDPs, having fled Crimea since April 2014. 600,000 moved to neighbouring countries (russia) as residential areas came under fire
evacuees moved into poor-condition shelters (e.g. sanatorium in Svetagorsk) where their lack of income, poor quality of shelter, poor access to healthcare, medicine and food have added to the vulnerability of young, old, sick and disabled
103
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on people; deaths/injured
7000 deaths and 13900 injuries, including 298 shot down in a civilian aircraft in July 2014
104
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on people; bombed towns
Debaltseve has been bombed, causing damage to housing, services, workplaces, communications and livelihoods. those who remain stay sheltered in basements without power or heating
105
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on place within state:
damaged infrastructure
environmental/habitat destruction
106
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on place within state: damaged infrastructure
Donbass industrial and residential areas have suffered loss of power, water supply and gas
industrial plants have been damaged e.g. coal mine at Zasyodko, Makiyvka chemical works, explosives factory at Petrovske
107
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on place within state:environmental
areas of steppe and forests have been burning more than usual.
movement of heavy vehicles has damaged nature reserves.
108
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on place outside of state:
economic sanctions
protecting other baltic states
109
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on place outside of state: economic sanctions
sanctions by the EU and USA have been effective in leading to increased prices and a drop in value of the Russian rouble
however, Russia's trade with china has meant it hasn't suffered much
110
impacts of Ukrainian conflict on place outside of state: protecting other baltic states
NATO has increased its strength in potentially vulnerable former soviet states in the baltic
111
why did russia want Crimea?
warm water port in Sevastopol; other ports freeze over in winter, limiting naval strength and trade
112
economic picture in Crimea post-invasion?
Moscow has poured in $10b to direct subsidies, and also funds major construction and infrastructure projects e.g. highway and railroad bridges (link Crimea to russia)
small business have suffered with decline in tourism which accounted for 1/4 of crimean economy
Crimea remains subject to economic sanctions
113
when do challenges to sovereignty occur? (broad)
competition for resources e.g. oil, water
people seek independence and self-determination
citizens are unrepresented or treated unjustly so revolt
government fails to protect human rights and meet human needs
groups are persecuted by for religious beliefs
ethnic conflict within a state
114
what conflict is there in the Kashmir region?
sovereignty over Kashmir has been contested between Pakistan and India since the partition of India in 1947
periodic fighting across the border by both countries has caused military deaths and the international displacement of poor farmers and their families
troops stationed in Karakoram Range at >6000m to control territory of the Siachen Glacier (major source of Indus River)
115
what environmental factors have led to the conflict in Kashmir?
what other factors are contributing?
water insecurity is at the heart of the Kashmir dispute
Indus is a very important natural resource to both countries for irrigation and HEP
water resources is depleting as global warming causes Himalayan glaciers to retreat
ethnic, cultural and religious differences
rapid population growth in both countries increasing water demand
116
example of global governance regulating conflicts in Kashmir region?
Indus Water Treaty
117
Indus Water Treaty
who?
when?
how?
mediated by World Bank, the Indus Water Treaty of 1960 shared the waters of the Indus; is still in place today
divides the river basin, awarding water in the Indus & 2 western tributaries (with 80 MAF) to Pakistan, while the 3 eastern tributaries (with 33 MAF) go to India
India can use W rivers for limited uses
this reassured Pakistan of a reliable, secure water source
118
why do Pakistan complain about the Indus Water Treaty?
they complain that India adversely affects their water supplies by damming the upper tributaries which flow through the part of Kashmir under Indian control
119
what has World Bank ensured with the Indus Water Treaty?
fair consumption and division of water to guarantee security for the countries involved; particularly Pakistan whose water sources lie in India
this equality has reduced conflict in the area as less threats and violations of rights are taking place
survived 2 wars and many military standoffs
120
when did the partition in India take place?
what was the partition based on?
why did millions of people move?
1947
religion: pakistan is muslim and India is hindu
therefore it created Pakistan
so as not to be a ethnic/religious minority in their area
121
why did colonial history create instability in the Kashmir region?
British-drawn boundaries may not consider the local ethnic distribution and resources available
122
what is the main river in the Kashmir region?
the Indus River
123
why has competition for resources created instability in the Kashmir region?
the river sources are within India so can be dammed or the flow can be impeded
upper course in INdia= lower discharge so decreased water availability
lower course in pakistan= higher discharge so increased water availability
agricultural opportunities and trading in lower course in pakistan
124
what is population of India?
390 million
125
water usage issues in Kashmir region?
what does this mean?
very high water stress
adds to tension in region as the water is necessary for human life
126
% of water inputs of the Indus River used for human usages in Kashmir?
60%
therefore it is vital
127
where are the majority of dams in the Kashmir region?
why?
why are the dams potentially a threat to Pakistan?
the East tributaries of the Indus River in India are dammed
this was dictated in the Indus River treaty to ensure the populations both get sufficient, fair quantities of water
India has the power to build dams and impede river flow into Pakistan, meaning it has insufficient water supply and decreasing agricultural and trade opportunities
128
where is the Kishanganga dam?
why would the Indians want to build a dam here and what benefits would they get?
next to the India/Pakistan border in India
feeds into the Jhelum river; tributary of the Indus
India would have power and control over a large important river so it can be held over Pakistan if they threaten to invade, since India could impede the flow, disadvantaging somewhere with an already high water stress
HEP opportunity, creating jobs, energy and increasing economy, creating PME
129
impacts of Kishanganga dam?
Kishanganga HEP plant diverts water from river, reduces downstream water flow and leaves Pakistan with 27% less flow than natural.
this affects irrigation, agriculture, power generation e.t.c. downstream at NJHEP in Pakistan
occupied land inundated, leading to displacement and wealth inequalities
130
conflicts caused by Kishanganga dam?
how were these resolved?
what is this an example of?
protests arose from local communities, fearing huge impacts
Pakistan claimed the fam went against the IWT (Indus Water Treaty)
The Hague's PCA allowed the KHEP construction, but under strict conditions e.g. a minimum water flow of 9 cubic metres per second
GEOPOLITICAL INTERVENTION
131
3 key institutions involved in regulating conflict
when where each of them founded?
United Nations (UN)-1945
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)-1949
European Union (EU)-grew from ESCC in 1951
132
how many member states?
UN,NATO,EU
193
30
27
133
aims of the UN,NATO and EU
UN= world peace and security, poverty reduction, co-operations amongst states
NATO=safeguarding freedom and security by political and military means
EU= ensure freedom, security and justice; economic and social progress
134
who is usually the first organisation to intervene in a conflict zone?
what do they do?
NGOs
work in co-operation with global institutions, governments and citizens
provide humanitarian relief
workers provide early warning of violence
strengthen local institutions, norms, treaties and laws
135
examples of things NGOs provide
humanitarian relief e.g. healthcare, medicine, education, food and water
136
examples of NGOs
Oxfam
Amnesty International
Red Cross
Medecin Sans Frontier (MSF)
137
positives of NGO intervention
do not take sides; no politics involved so can access more areas and people
short-term development gains ca improve stability in areas
economic gains can create positive multiplier effect
138
limitations of NGO intervention
small scale (only a couple of operations in each conflict zone)
do not have power (must adhere to sovereign rule)
small budget (small scale)
no military or protection (vulnerable so cannot intervene in areas with ongoing conflict)
can create aid dependency (over reliance so development stunted)
139
what is the EU?
what does it offer in its membership?
links to conflict chance?
prize for peace; when?
what can membership lead to?
an economic and political union with its own parliament and currency
free movement of people, investment, technology, ideas, trade (employment and wealth so increases prosperity, decreasing reason for conflict and therefore likelihood of it)
EU won Nobel Peace Prize in 2012
lead to development in long term
140
political benefits and disadvantages of the EU
+ ability to address transnational issues e.g. international crime, intelligence, pollution
- states must implement EU laws even if they didn't vote for them; this challenges sovereignty, so is a limitation
141
EU military capabilities?
why?
no combined army but provides forces for rapid response operations
not necessary because most members are part of NATO
142
EU conflict policies?
why is this good/what did it lead to?
has departments that create policies about conflicts e.g. common security and defence that is involved in peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, crisis management
led to lack of conflict in Europe from EU's formation up until Ukraine/Russia conflict
143
limitations of the EU
only in Europe so countries elsewhere in the world cannot benefit
the imposed sanctions on Russia following the 2014 Crimea annexation had limited impact because Russia coped easily by trading with China
144
UN General Assembly scale?
193 members so large scale
145
UN Security Council members?
15 (5 permanent= France, China, USA, Russia and UK and 10 temporary for 2 years)
146
what can the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council do? examples of this
they have the power of VETO
UK&France in Suez Crisis 1956
UK,France,USA in Panama invasion by USA in 1989
US in Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Russia blocks intervention in Georgia,Ukraine and Syria
147
how many times has each member used their veto in the UN Security Council?
France 16
China 17
UK 29
USA 82
Russia 117
148
why is the use of VETO by permanent UN Security Council members controversial?
limits the UN's ability to intervene
these countries can get away with doing things
the enormous influence of the VETO power has been cited as a cause of the UNs ineffectiveness in preventing and responding to genocide, violence and human rights violations
149
why is the use of VETO by permanent UN Security Council members a good thing?
is an important check and balance on intervention
protects sovereignty
150
unique power of UN (in terms of sovereignty)
only organisation that can declare new states
therefore is very important in long term stability
151
UN's responsibilities and aims
responsible for maintaining international peace and security
tries to settle disputes by peaceful means
152
how may the UN go about restoring international peace and security?
when does the UN intervene?
does the UN have state consent to intervene?
imposing sanctions or authorising the use of force
if a state fails to protect its citizens e.g. genocide, war crimes, human rights violations, ethnic cleansing
usually asks for consent but doesn't require it if human rights violations are occurring
153
purpose of NATO?
how does it achieve this?
secure freedom and security of members through political and military means
political: consultation and co-operations
military: peaceful resolutions or military 'crisis-management'
154
does NATO proceed alone, with UN mandate or in partnership?
can do all
usually seeks UN mandate though
155
example of NATO intervening without UN authorisation
why was it controversial?
authorisation to intervene where ethnic cleansing of Albanians was taking place, was blocked by Russia and China
NATO bombed Yugoslavia (short term immediate response), ending the conflict
neither exception to NATO's use of force provision were fulfilled
156
what is a treaty?
a written international agreement between 2 or more states and/or International organisations.
states that sign and ratify a treaty are bound to it by international law
157
what does it mean "to ratify a treaty'?
to sign or give formal consent to a treaty, making it officially valid
158
an example of a multilateral treaty signed by some UN countries
which countries haven't ratified it
"the convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines & on their destruction"
by 2015,162 countries had signed up to this
USA,Russia,China,India
159
2 functions of international laws
with examples
defines responsibilities states in their conduct with each other and treatment of their citizens
e.g. laws relating to human rights, disarmament, refugees, prisoner treatment
regulates conflict over global commons (resource domains or areas which lie outside of any one nation-state e.g. high seas, atmosphere, Antarctica and outer space)
e.g. UN convention on the Law of the Sea UNCOL
160
why is cyber conflict a threat to sovereignty?
internet operates on a global scale so is challenging to operate on a national scale
algorithms, social media e.t.c. can influence citizens' views
taking over national infrastructure restricts governmental power
161
what is Microsoft?
how do its cybersecurity norms limit potential conflict?
US multinational company and the 5th largest TNC in the world
brings stability/security to international environment in the increasingly connected global society
162
what are the flows involved in global governance in conflicts?
people
money
ideas
technology
163
flows of ideas as part of global governance in conflict?
e.g. peace treaty, how to rebuild
planning and executing intervention involves exchanges of ideas
the sharing of good practice, co-ordination of strategies and flows of intelligence are essential for effective governance of conflict
flows of ideas and information are a feature of bilateral meetings of governments, regional council meetings, UN conferences and discussion at the GA
164
flows of technology as part of global governance in conflicts?
helping to build and develop post-conflict
increasing dependence on technology in peacekeeping. the advanced tech of military e.g. satellite imagery, remotely controlled drones and weaponry is used for surveillance and air strikes
growth of modern ICT enables info to be supplied via the Internet, databases and the media. communications via phones and social network services are indispensable for transnational networking in the monitoring of behaviour and in conflict managements
165
flows of people as part of global governance in conflicts?
e.g. peacekeepers
attempts by the international community to intervene and provide assistance in conflict zones e.g. UN missions and involvement of regional organisations and work of NGOs ALL REQUIRE MOVEMENT OF PERSONNEL IN CONFLICT ZONES sometimes amounts to over 10,000 people per mission
166
flows of money as part go global governance in conflicts
sanctions, investment in rebuilding
attempts by the international community to intervene and provide assistance in conflict zones e.g. UN missions and involvement of regional organisations and work of NGOs ALL REQUIRE TRANSFER OF FINANCES, donated by member states
sometimes amounts to over US $1 billion per mission
167
which flows are the most important in the short term?
people e.g. peacekeepers prevent conflict from exponentially increasing and first aid helps save lives
money e.g. sanctions attempt to deter aggressors from further conflict and resources help citizens cope with the situation
ideas e.g. peace treaties to prevent future conflict
overall they help put an end to the conflict at hand, allowing rebuilding and development to eventually occur. only wanted in short term so no aid dependency is developed
168
which flows are the most important in the long term?
ideas e.g. rebuilding strategies and technology e.g. post-conflict development both aid overall recovery and development strategies
overall cannot happen whilst conflict is ongoing due to security, promote dev.
169
which flows are the most important in the long term?
ideas e.g. rebuilding strategies and technology e.g. post-conflict development both aid overall recovery and development strategies
overall cannot happen whilst conflict is ongoing due to security, promote dev.
170
which flows are the most important in LIDCs vs EDCs
LIDCs= can develop dependency on aid and money, hindering independent dev.
needs intervention to introduce ideas and tech but may need conflict to end first so a flow of people is required
EDCs= have more money for ideas and tech independently
171
background to South Sudan conflict?
gained independence form Sudan in 2011 following civil war
ethnic divide between Dinka and Nuer tribes led to clashes In December 2013
triggered by Dinka president Kirr sacking Nuer deputy Machar, both of whom then exploited their ethnic differences
172
number killed and displaced by South Sudan conflict
50,000 dead
2.3 million displaced
