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Geography: Edexel A-Level > Migration, Identity & Sovereignty > Flashcards

Migration, Identity & Sovereignty Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage has international migration grown by since 2000?

A

It has grown by 49%, from 2.7% to 3.4% of the world’s population.

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2
Q

How many people in rural China live on less than $2 a day?

A

Over 250 million people.

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3
Q

What is the Hukou system in China?

A

It restricts internal migration and limits access to services for rural migrants.

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4
Q

What percentage of EU citizens live in another member state?

A

2.8% (14 million EU citizens).

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5
Q

How many Polish migrants live in the UK?

A

Over 1 million Polish migrants.

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6
Q

What percentage of Japan’s population is immigrant?

A

2.7% of the population in 2023.

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7
Q

What percentage of Sweden’s population is ethnically Swedish?

A

80.3% of Sweden’s population is ethnically Swedish.

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8
Q

What voluntary repatriation programme is Sweden considering to offer?

A

Sweden offers $34,000 for migrants to voluntarily return to their origin country.

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9
Q

What is Sweden’s refugee quota for 2024?

A

The refugee quota has been reduced from 5,000 to 900.

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10
Q

What is Australia’s refugee intake limit for 2024-2025?

A

20,000 refugees per year, with a total migration limit of 185,000.

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11
Q

What is the breakdown of Australia’s 2024-2025 migration intake?

A

71% skilled labor, 28% family reunification.

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12
Q

How many refugees did Germany receive in 2015 due to the Syrian conflict?

A

Over 890,000 refugees.

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13
Q

What was the impact of Qatar’s World Cup on migration?

A

2 million migrant workers from South Asia came to Qatar.

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14
Q

How many Haitians migrated after the 2010 earthquake?

A

Over 300,000 Haitians migrated due to the destruction of Port-au-Prince.

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15
Q

What are the economic causes of migration?

A

People migrate due to economic opportunities, such as jobs, higher wages, and better living standards.

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16
Q

What are the political causes of migration?

A

Migration due to political conflicts, wars, or oppression, such as the Syrian Civil War.

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17
Q

What are the environmental causes of migration?

A

Natural disasters or environmental degradation, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

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18
Q

What percentage of Syrian refugees were displaced by the Civil War?

A

12 million displaced and 500,000 deaths.

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19
Q

What does neoliberalism promote?

A

Free trade, deregulation of financial markets, and open borders (e.g., Schengen Zone).

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20
Q

What benefits do developed countries gain from neoliberalism?

A

Cheaper prices and higher productivity.

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21
Q

What is the trend of anti-immigration political parties in Europe?

A

Increased support for parties like Brothers of Italy and AfD, which gained 20% of the German vote.

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22
Q

What happened in Europe regarding jihadist terrorism in 2017?

A

There were over 30 jihadist attacks annually in Europe.

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23
Q

What is the migration rate in the UK?

A

Migration rate in the UK is increasing by 3.5% each year.

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24
Q

What regional migration pattern is seen in the UK?

A

There is movement from England to Scotland and population increase in London.

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25
What percentage of Turkish migrants in Germany lack a school certificate?
30% of Turkish migrants and their children do not have a school learning certificate.
26
How does Dutch society approach cultural integration?
The Netherlands had a 2-hour documentary showing topless women and a homosexual kiss to promote tolerance.
27
What happened during the 1958 Notting Hill Riots?
A mob of 400 white people attacked black residents due to migration-related tensions.
28
What was the migration trend in the UK in 1971?
The immigrant population reached 3 million, including 171,000 Jamaicans and 313,000 Indians.
29
How much do Mexican migrants send back in remittances?
$63 billion in remittances in 2023.
30
How many military troops are stationed at the Mexican border in 2025?
Over 9,000 troops.
31
What is the historical significance of Iceland’s language?
Iceland's language has remained the same since 870 AD, and 74% of Icelanders belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church.
32
What is the cultural and linguistic makeup of Singapore?
Singapore has 4 official languages: Malay, Mandarin, Tamil, and English, and ¾ of the population is Chinese.
33
What caused ethnic tensions in Rwanda?
Belgian colonial intervention and borders that didn't consider ethnic divisions led to conflicts.
34
How many countries recognize Taiwan as a sovereign state?
13 countries.
35
What is Ukraine's situation regarding Crimea?
Crimea was annexed by Russia in 2014, and Ukraine has tensions in the Donbas region.
36
How did Napoleon contribute to the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Napoleon controlled 34% of Europe's landmass, promoting nationalist ideas during the French Revolution.
37
How did British colonialism influence nationalism in India?
The Amritsar Massacre and Gandhi’s leadership fueled Indian nationalism and led to independence.
38
What was the impact of Vietnam's War?
The war caused 26 million bomb craters, $950 billion in economic costs, and 3 million deaths.
39
How did colonialism impact migration patterns in the UK?
The Windrush migration of 1948 brought 500 Caribbean migrants, later followed by 300,000 West Indians.
40
What is the economic role of tax havens like the Cayman Islands?
Tax havens offer low tax rates and financial privacy, with 116,000 companies registered in the Cayman Islands.
41
What is the difference in views about tax havens?
The World Bank supports tax havens, while some governments and the EU see them as unfair.
42
What are Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)?
IMF and World Bank loans requiring developing countries to adopt neoliberal policies in exchange for financial aid.
43
What was the impact of HIPC on Uganda?
Uganda reduced external debt by over $83 billion and reduced poverty to 2% by 2017.
44
What is the role of the UN Security Council?
The UN Security Council has 15 members, 5 of which are permanent members.
45
How many countries are in the UN General Assembly?
143 member states.
46
What is the role of UNHCR?
The UNHCR aids over 100 million displaced people globally.
47
What is a successful intervention by the UN?
The WFP aided 143 million people globally, and UN sanctions reduced Iran’s oil exports by 90%.
48
What is the failure of the UN peacekeeping mission in Congo?
Despite deploying 18,000 troops, violence in Congo remains ongoing.
49
What is the role of the IMF, World Bank, and WTO in supporting Western capitalism?
They promote neoliberalism and market-driven reforms.
50
What impact did the IMF and World Bank's Structural Adjustment Programs have on Jamaica?
Jamaica received 15 IMF bailouts, reducing debt-to-GDP from 147% to 72%, but 19.3% still live in poverty.
51
What was the success of NAFTA?
NAFTA facilitated over $1 trillion in trade between the US, Canada, and Mexico from 1994 to 2020.
52
What was the outcome of the EU-US trade dispute over Boeing and Airbus?
The US imposed $7.6 billion in tariffs on EU goods in 2019, and the EU imposed $4 billion on US goods in 2020.
53
What was the outcome of the Montreal Protocol?
It phased out 98% of ozone-depleting substances globally.
54
What environmental challenge did CITES face?
CITES regulates trade in 40,900 species, but 20,000 elephants are poached annually in Africa.
55
What is the goal of the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas?
To protect 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030.
56
What is the impact of the Paris Agreement on global temperatures?
Global temperatures have risen 1.6°C above pre-industrial levels, surpassing the 1.5°C target.
57
How does nationalism get reinforced in countries?
Through education, sport, political parties, and legal systems.
58
How does sport reinforce nationalism in the UK?
The success of the London 2012 Olympics with 65 medals reinforced British pride.
59
How does legal identity play a role in national identity?
In the US, naturalization tests include questions on U.S. history and government.
60
How does Japan’s naturalization process affect identity?
Only 12.5% of Japan's population are foreign nationals.
61
How does national identity change in multicultural societies like the UK?
In the UK, ethnic minorities are more likely to identify as British than as English, Welsh, or Scottish.
62
What is the impact of foreign ownership on British identity?
Jaguar Land Rover, a UK company, was acquired by India's Tata Motors in 2008.
63
How does the global influence of Western capitalism manifest?
Hollywood’s $42.6 billion earnings, Amazon’s $500 billion in 2021, and Facebook’s 2.8 billion users.
64
How has ownership of London property influenced national sovereignty?
Russian and Qatari investors own $2-$5 billion worth of London property.
65
What is the impact of separatist movements in regions like Scotland?
Scotland’s 2014 independence referendum showed 45% support for independence.
66
What are the economic disparities in Brazil?
The richest 10% of Brazil’s population controls 28-33% of the country's income.
67
What is the political situation in Syria?
The Syrian Civil War has led to 500,000 deaths and 12 million displaced.

Geography: Edexel A-Level (9 decks)

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