Migration to and from Britain Flashcards
(23 cards)
What was Huguenot migration
-Where … (Catholic) experienced lots of … wars making many … migrate to …
-these Protestants were know as …
-Where France (Catholic) experienced lots of civil wars making many Protestant migrate to Britain
-these Protestants were know as Huguenots
What was St Bartholomews day massacre
When tens of thousands of Protestants were killed
Huguenot migration
-st … day m… killed lots of Protestants -157..
-queen … I, who was a Protestant, welcomed …
-in 159.. French king H… IV issued a b… of rights called the E… of Nantes which granted the f… to practice your own r…
-168.. French king L… XIV tears up the Edict of N… and gives p… the choice to convert to c… or m… out of France
-Huguenots officially became h… and faced p… again, leading more Protestants to m… to Britain
-st bartholomews day massacre killed lots of Protestants -1572
-queen elizabeth I, who was a Protestant, welcomed Huguenots
-in 1598 French king Henri IV issued a bill of rights called the Edict of Nantes which granted the freedom to practice your own religion
-1685 French king Louis XIV tears up the Edict of Nantes and gives Protestants the choice to convert to Catholicism or migrate out of France
-Huguenots officially became heretics and faced persecution again, leading more Protestants to migrate to Britain
Impact of Huguenots in Britain
-established b… and communities all over E…
-transformed existing British i…
-started up new i… eg p… making
-most were … that Huguenots moved, some d…
-established businesses and communities all over England
-transformed existing British industries
-started up new industries eg paper making
-most were happy that Huguenots moved, some disagreed
Ulster plantations
-king J… I sent p… from Scotland and E… in the early …s to take over l… and help keep control of the northern part of I…
-most i… saw this as an i… and resented the s…
-the p… grew rapidly as s… arrived
-resentment between P… settlers and the mainly … Irish continued for g…
-king James I sent Protestants from Scotland and England in the early 1600s to take over land and help keep control of the northern part of Ireland
-most Irish saw this as an invasion and resented the settlers
-the population grew rapidly as settlers arrived
-resentment between Protestant settlers and the mainly Catholic Irish continued for generations
Highland clearances
-in the early …s
-in …
-the h… were largely c… and J…
-The Jacobites were d… at the battle of C… in 174.. and the monarch G… I wants to reduce the power of h…
-the English began removing S… chiefs and c… that did not support … I
—>this became the start of the h… clearances
-English l… moved f… off the land and set up large scale s.. farming
-tens of t… of highlanders were e… and some were forced into b… coastal l… where they often starved to d…
-lots of highlanders migrated to E… and to countries such as C… and America
-those that left S… were know as the Scottish D…
-in the early 1700s
-in Scotland
-the highlanders were largely Catholic and Jacobites
-The Jacobites were defeated at the battle of Culloden in 1746 and the monarch George I wants to reduce the power of highlanders
-the English began removing Scottish chiefs and clans that did not support George I
—>this became the start of the highland clearances
-English landlord moved farmers off the land and set up large scale sheep farming
-tens of thousands of highlanders were evicted and some were forces into barren coastal lands where they often starved to death
-lots of highlanders migrated to England and to countries such as Canada and America
-those that left Scotland were know as the Scottish Dispora
Summary of migration to and from Britain
-H… in France faced religious p… so fled to …
-they contributed the the British i… and t…
-in 16…. J… I created Ulster p… in an attempt to control the C… Irish, creating a lot of r… between Catholic and p… communities
-… I arranged the h… clearances in … were people were r… from their land
-many h… migrated within S… but others moved a… to countries within the British …
-Huguenots in France faced religious persecution do fled to Britain
-they contributed the the British industry and trade
-in 1610 James I created Ulster Plantations in an attempt to control the Catholic Irish, creating a lot of resentment between Catholic and Protestant communities
-George I arranged the highland clearances in Scotland were people were removed from their land
-many highlanders migrated within Scotland but others moved abroad to countries within the British empire
Why did the Irish migrate
-famine
-poverty
-there was a potato famine that cause an 1/8 of the population to starve to death
-most came to escape extreme poverty
British reactions to the Irish
R… differences:
-most Irish were C…, Britain was strongly P…
-lead to v… and conflict
C…:
-the Irish were b… for high c… rates
D…:
-most Irish lived in p… areas with terrible c…
-so d… was very common, which led the I… to be blamed for d…
-eg. T… was nicknamed “… fever”
J…:
-many accused the Irish of taking … that l… could have done
-in some places the Irish were b… from j…
Religious differences:
-most Irish were Catholic, Britain was strongly Protestant
-lead to violence and conflict
Crime:
-the Irish were blamed for high crime rates
Disease:
-most Irish lived in poor areas with terrible conditions
-so disease was very common, which led the Irish to be blamed for disease
-eg. Typhus was nicknamed “Irish fever”
Jobs:
-many accused the Irish of taking jobs that locals could have done
-in some places the Irish were banned from jobs
Impact of Irish migration on Britain
-Britains c…, r… and r… couldn’t have been built without the Irish n…
-in the …s around …% of the British a… were Irish
-Irish l…, music and c… became a part of B… culture
-Britains canals, roads and railways couldn’t have been built without the Irish navvies
-in the 1800s around 40% of the British army were Irish
-Irish literature, music and culture became a part of British culture
Jewish migration to Britain
-king E… I e… all Jewish people from E… in 12..
-they were then let back in … years later
-c… against Jewish m… started in the …s
-the number of Jews g…, with a new i… from Eastern E…, mainly from R… where they were being b… for the a… of the t…
-Benjamin D… became Britains first j… prime m…
-the A… act was passed by p…, limiting the number of Jewish i… in 190..
-king Edward I expelled all Jewish people from England in 1290
-they were then let back in 400 years later
-campaigns against Jewish migration started in the 1800s
-the number of Jews grew, with a new influx from Eastern Europe, mainly from Russia where they were being blamed for the assassination of the tsar
-Benjamin Disraeli became Britains first Jewish prime minister
-the Aliens act was passed by parliament, limiting the number of Jewish immigrants in 1905
The Jewish community
-the new i… took on three types of work: making c…, s… and f… making
-they did very w… and earned a good r…
-the new immigrants took on three types of work: making clothes, shoemaking and furniture making
-they did very well and earned a good reputation
Leaving Britain
-over … million emigrated from Britain between 181.. and 191…
-most went to North A.., South A…, C…, Australia and New Z…
—>thousands went to A… and Africa to mine for g… and diamond
-emigration was also used to deal will c… and p…, poor p… and c… would be encouraged to e…
-over 22 million emigrated from Britain between 1815 and 1914
-most went to North America, South Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
—>thousands went to America and Africa to mine for gold and diamond
-emigration was also used to deal will crime and poverty, poor people and criminals would be encouraged to emigrate
Moving around britain
-between 17.. and 1… there was a rapid i… in internal m… in Britain during the i… Revolution
-u… increased rapidly for 2 reasons:
—>i… from abroad- attracted to job o…
—>r… to urban m…- fewer workers were needed on f… so people moved to c… to find w…
-between 1750 and 1900 there was a rapid increase in internal migration in Britain during the Industrial Revolution
-urbanisation increased rapidly for 2 reasons:
—>immigration from abroad- attracted to job opportunities
—>rural to urban migration- fewer workers were needed on farms so people moved to cities to find work
Summary of migration 1700s - 1900
-from the late ….s large numbers of I… and Jewish people m… to B…
-most Irish and Jewish came to escape extreme p…, p… or to find w…
-c… were transported to placed like A…
-lots of people e… from Britain between 18.. and 19.. to places like A…, Canada, A… and Australia
-between 1750-…. there was a rapid i… in internal m… in Britain
-from the late 1700s large numbers or Irish and Jewish people migrated to Britain
-most Irish and Jewish came to escape extreme poverty, persecution or to find work
-criminals were transported to placed like Austria Kia
-lots of people emigrated from Britain between 1815 and 1914 to places like America, Canada, Africa and Australia
-between 1750-1900 there was a rapid increase in internal migration in Britain
Immigration to Britain after WW2
Ireland
When:
-many generations came before 194..
-lots also came in the 19.0s and .0s
Why:
-some came to look for w…
-to escape p… and h…
-join f…
West Indies
When:
-thousands moved to Britain during the w…
-many arrivals from 1948-..
Why:
-encouraged because of l… shortages
-look for j…
-escape p…
Cyprus
When:
-during the 19.0s
-during the ..70s
Why:
-to escape v… and tension
-when t… invaded and d… the island into 2, more a… came
Europe
When:
-mainly in form the 19.0s to 50s
Why:
-lots of J… fled the N… in the 19..s
-lots of p… people came during the w…
-lots of Hungarians, U…, Estonians etc fled from R… rule
East asia
When:
-during the 19.0s and 60s
Why:
-looking for w…
-escape p… and hardship
-lots of people from H… Kong were given British p…
South Asia
When:
-in the late 19.0s and 50s
Why:
-to escape v… and fighting during the time India was p…
-better w…
-better e…
West Africa
When:
-late 19.0s onwards
Why:
-to find w…
-better e…
Kenya and Uganda
When:
-1960s and .0s
Why:
-new g… drove K… and Ugandan A… out
-to escape r…
Ireland
When:
-many generation came before 1945
-lots also came in the 1950s and 60s
Why:
-some came to look for work
-to escape poverty and hardship
-join families
West Indies
Why:
-thousands moved to Britain during the war
-many arrivals from 1948-70
Why:
-encouraged because of labour shortages
-look for jobs
-escape poverty
Cyprus
When:
-during the 1950s
-during the 1970s
Why:
-to escape violence and tension
-when turkey invaded and divided the island into 2, more arrivals came
Europe
When:
-mainly in form the 1930s to 50s
Why:
-lots of Jews fled the Nazis in the 1930s
-lots of polish people came during the war
-lots of Hungarians, Ukrainians, Estonians etc fled from Russian rule
East asia
When:
-during the 1950s and 60s
Why:
-looking for work
-escape poverty and hardship
-lots of people from Hong Kong were given British passports
South Asia
When:
-in the late 1940s and 50s
Why:
-to escape violence and fighting during the time India was partitioned
-better work
-better education
West Africa
When:
-late 1940s onwards
Why:
-to find work
-better education
Kenya and Uganda
When:
-1960s and 70s
Why:
-new governments drove Kenyan and Ugandan Asians out
-to escape racism
Main 2 reasons why large groups of immigrants came to Britain after 1945
-as refugees from war torn countries
-to find work
Who caused Ugandan Asians to leave Uganda
I… A…
Idi Amin
Britains changing attitude to immigration
-in the 19.0s the g.. tried to reduce the number of b… and Asian people entering B…
-in 196.. an i… act stated that any black or A… person wanting to join the c… had to have a s… job already lined up
-no l… were put on i… immigrants or any w… immigrants
-in 198.. the Gov feared a large amount of K… Asian arrivals so they introduce the C… immigration a…
—>stating that Kenyan A… with British p… were not allowed to enter B…
—>however w… Kenyans could
-in the 1960s the government tried to reduce the number of black and Asian people emerging Britain
-in 1962 an immigration act stated that any black or Asian person wanting to join the country had to have a skilled job already lined up
-no limits were put on Irish immigrants or any white immigrants
-in 1986 the Gov feared a large amount of Kenyan Asian arrivals so they introduce the Commonwealth immigration act
—>stating that Kenyan Asians with British passports were not allowed to enter Britain
—>however white Kenyans could
What was the windrush generation
-in 194.. a ship named empire w… brought lots of m… from the …
-these migrants were called the windrush g…
-in 1948 a ship named empire windrush brought lots of migrants from the Caribbean
-these migrants were called the windrush generation
Why did people leave the Caribbean
-poverty and h… was very c… in the 19..s
-many West I… saw it as a great o…
-the price of s…, the main e… and source of …, was at an all time l…
-had been taught in s… that Britain was a “m… country” where they would feel w… and supported
-Britain was s… of workers so used p… to e… people to move there
-poverty and hardship was very common in the 1940s
-many West Indians saw it as a great opportunity
-the price of sugar, the main export and source of income, was at an all time low
-had been taught in school that Britain was a “mother country” where they would feel welcomed and supported
-Britain was short of workers so used propaganda to encourage people to move there
Impact of windrush generation
-n… presented migrants coming over as a big p…
-not everyone w… the migrants
—>believed they were s…
—>a… they would lose their j… to them
-most i… worked in l… paid jobs
-they found d… in finding places to l…
-“c… bar” was where b… and other minorities were prevented from r… houses or getting j…
-newspapers presented migrants coming over as a big problem
-not everyone welcomed the migrants
—>believed they were superior
—>afraid they would lose their jobs to them
-most immigrants worked in low pain jobs
-they found difficulties in finding places to live
-“colour bar” was where black and other minorities were prevented from renting houses or getting jobs
Claudia jones
-1915-6..
-worked on n… and magazines
-campaigned for d…, equal r… and safe working c…
-was considered an e… radical in A… due to her v…, so was d…
-she gained a… in Britain in 195.. she became the founder and e… of the first b… British w… newspaper
-she helped introduce the N… Hill c… which came from when black y… groups were attacked by w… youth groups in N… Hill
-1915-64
-worked on newspapers and magazines
-campaigned for democracy, equal rights and safe working conditions
-was considered an extreme radical in America due to her views, so was deported
-she gained asylum in Britain in 1955 she became the founder and editor of the first black British weekly newspaper
-she helped introduce the Notting Hill carnival which came from when black youth groups were attacked by white youth groups in Notting Hill
