Minerals

Question 1

What distinguishes minerals from other nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
• A. They are organic substances
• B. They are inorganic substances
• C. They provide direct energy to the body
• D. They are synthesized by the body

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not a function of minerals?
• A. Supporting enzymatic activities
• B. Transporting oxygen
• C. Providing energy directly
• D. Maintaining fluid balance

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is a macromineral?
• A. Iron
• B. Zinc
• C. Calcium
• D. Iodine

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the primary function of microminerals in the body?
• A. They serve as major structural components of bones
• B. They regulate enzymatic and physiological processes
• C. They are used for energy production
• D. They replace water in cells

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Which of the following minerals is classified as a micromineral?
• A. Magnesium
• B. Sodium
• C. Fluoride
• D. Phosphorus

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Which of the following is true about minerals?
* A. They are organic compounds broken down during digestion
* B. They are destroyed by heat and light
* C. They are inorganic and stable under heat, light, and chemical exposure
* D. They contain carbon and hydrogen

Answer 6

C

Question 7

Minerals play a role in all of the following except:
* A. Nerve impulse transmission
* B. Protein coding in DNA
* C. Fluid balance regulation
* D. Muscle contraction

Answer 7

B

Question 8

Macro minerals require a daily intake of at least:
* A. 10 mg
* B. 50 mg
* C. 100 mg
* D. 1000 mg

Answer 8

C

Question 9

Which of the following is a micromineral?
* A. Calcium
* B. Phosphorus
* C. Sodium
* D. Zinc

Answer 9

D

Question 10

Approximately how much calcium is in the human body?
* A. 100g
* B. 1.4kg
* C. 700mg
* D. 2kg

Answer 10

B

Question 11

Calcium absorption primarily occurs in the:
* A. Stomach
* B. Large intestine
* C. Small intestine
* D. Kidneys

Answer 11

C

Question 12

Which hormone increases calcium absorption when plasma levels are low?
* A. Calcitonin
* B. Insulin
* C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
* D. thyroxine

Answer 12

C

Question 13

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for women over 50?
* A. 800mg
* B. 1000mg
* C. 1200mg
* D. 2000mg

Answer 13

C

Question 14

Which of the following enhances calcium absorption?
* A. Fiber
* B. Oxalates
* C. Vitamin D
* D. Phytates

Answer 14

C

Question 15

Symptoms of calcium deficiency include:
* A. Hypothyroidism
* B. Rickers and tetany
* C. Night blindness
* D. Hyperactivity

Answer 15

B

Question 16

Where is iodine primarily concentrated in the body?
* A. Liver
* B. Thyroid gland
* C. Kidney
* D. Pancreas

Answer 16

B

Question 17

What is the main function of iodine in the body?
* A. Collagen synthesis
* B. Oxygen transport
* C. Thyroid hormone synthesis
* D. Blood clotting

Answer 17

C

Question 18

Which of the following is a symptom of iodine deficiency?
* A. Osteoporosis
* B. Cretinism
* C. Anemia
* D. Kidney stones

Answer 18

B

Question 19

The RDA for iodine in adults is:
* A. 50 ug/day
* B. 100 ug/day
* C. 150 ug/day
* D. 200 ug/day

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a dietary source of iodine?
* A. Iodized salt
* B. Seafood
* C. broccoli
* D. Cheese

Answer 20

C

Question 21

Most of the body’s iron is found in:
* A. Liver enzymes
* B. Hemoglobin in red blood cells
* C. Bone marrow
* D. Kidneys

Answer 21

B

Question 22

Which form of iron is more efficiently absorbed by the body?
* A. Nonheme iron
* B. Ferric iron (Fe3+)
* C. Heme iron
* D. Oxidized iron

Answer 22

C

Question 23

Which of the following enhances iron absorption?
* A. Calcium
* B. Tannins
* C. Vitamin C
* D. Phytates

Answer 23

C

Question 24

Which protein is the primary transporter of iron in the blood?
* A. Hemoglobin
* B. Ferritin
* C. Transferrin
* D. Myoglobin

Answer 24

C

Question 25

Copper's role in iron metabolism is to: * A. Help in iron storage * B. cConvert Fe2+ to Fe3+ for transport * C. Increase absorption in the intestine * D. Enhance oxygen binding

Answer 25

B

Question 26

Ferritin is primarily responsible for: * A. Transporting iron to tissues * B. Binding calcium for bone growth * C. Storing iron in tissues * D. Producing red blood cells

Answer 26

C

Question 27

The RDA for iron in women aged 19-50 is: * A. 8 mg/day * B. 12 mg/day * C. 18 mg/day * D. 22 mg/day

Answer 27

C

Question 28

Symptoms of iron deficiency include all except: * A. Fatigue * B. Anemia * C. Increased infection resistance * D. Impaired work performance

Answer 28

C

Question 29

Which mineral is essential for the synthesis of carnitine and collagen? * A. Calcium * B. Iron * C. Iodine * D. Zinc

Answer 29

B

Question 30

Which foods and/or dietary factors increase iron absorption by the enterocyte? * A. Vitamin C, poultry, and fish * B. Milk and dairy * C. Vitamin C and tannis * D. HCl, phytic acid, and beef * E. HCl, vitamin C, tannis, poultry

Answer 30

A

Question 31

Which statement below is incorrect? * A. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the formation of 25-OHD3 * B. Calcium transporter 1 and calbindin content and active are calcitriol-dependent * C. Calcium absorption by enterocytes is regulated by circulating calcium * D. The release of parathyroid hormone is determined by circulating calcium levels * E. Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone reduce circulating calcium

Answer 31

E

Question 32

What are considered chelators in nutrition? * A. Complexes formed between fiber and bile that escape retupatke by the enterohepatic circulation and end up excreated in feces * B. Elements that bond and impair the absorption of nutrients in the gut * C. Minerals that disperse micelles in the gut * D. Inorganic matter that is eliminated in the feces after digestion of food e. Compounds that enhance absorption of iron and calcium in the gut

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Which statements below are correct? * A. Phytate and oxalate enhance calcium absorption by the gut * B. Absorption of vitamin C is directly proportional to its dietary intake * C. Dietary iodine exists in the free and organified forms * D. Enlarged thyroid is a symptom of too much dietary organified iodine * E. ADH and MEOS contribute equally to alcohol metabolism in the liver

Answer 33

C

Question 34

Choose the correct statement below * A. The bioavailability of iron in the GI tract is enhanced by chelators * B. The absorption of heme-containing iron takes place in the ileum and jejunum * C. Heme and nonheme iron refer to the valence of this mineral * D. Just a small amount of iron in the body is found in nonheme enzymes * E. Most iron found in the human body is within myoglobin in the skeletal muscles

Answer 34

B

Question 35

Which statement below is correct? * A. The active transport of calcium in the gut is mostly calcitriol-dependent * B. Calcium is mostly absorbed in the intestine by diffusion * C. Calcitonin stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion * D. All options are correct

Answer 35

A

Question 36

Which statement below is correct? * A. It is ionized form of calcium that is absorbed by enterocytes * B. Low and high levels of circulating calcium stimulate inhibit calcitonin and PTH, respectively. * C. Calcitonin and calcitriol act synergistically to promote bone resorption * D. Intestinal absorption of calcium is increased by oxalic and phytic acids * E. None of the above

Answer 36

A

Question 37

Choose the correct statement below: * A. Heme iron is bound to the porphyrin ring in red blood cells * B. Iron derived from the catabolism of red blood cells is stored in the liver * C. Bone marrow is rich in iron * D. Ferritin is the main iron storage protein * E. All options are correct

Answer 37

E

Question 38

Which statement below is correct? * A. HCP1 promotes the absorption of iron-containing porphyrin ring by enterocytes * B. In the duodenum iron is detached from the porphyrin ring * C. All options are incorrect * D. In the blood transferrin exclusively binds to iron * E. Sites of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow contain HCP1

Answer 38

A

Question 39

Which statement below is correct? * A. Calcitonin and calcitriol promote bone resorption and raise circulating calcium * B. High intake of milk and dairy is associated with rickets and osteomalacia * C. The thyroid and parathyroid glands sense low and high circulating calcium levels, respectively * D. PTH increases circulating calcium by inhibiting the active of 25- and 1-hydroxylases * E. 25- and 1-hydroxylases indirectly regulate calcium absorption by enterocytes

Answer 39

E

Question 40

What factors limit calcium bioavailability? * A. Calcitonin * B. Sugar alcohols and proteins * C. Fiber and phytic acid * D. Parathyroid hormone * E. Calcitriol

Answer 40

C