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Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

Define bioavailability

A

The degree to which the amount of an ingested mineral is absorbed and available to the body

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2
Q

What are factors altering mineral bioavailability?(4)

A

Deficiency of minerals
Chemical binding of mineral to other elements of diet
Excess of mineral
Presence of vitamins

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3
Q

Examples of mineral bioavailability altering (5)

A

Reduced storage will increase absorption of minerals from GI tract/kidney
Phytates in plants bind to minerals preventing absorption
Excess zinc decreases iron and copper absorption
Vitamin C presence increase zinc absorption
Vitamin D presence increases calcium absorption

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4
Q

Which minerals maintain osmotic pressure?(3)

A

Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

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5
Q

Minerals involved in skeletal structure (3)

A

Magnesium
Phosphorus
Calcium

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6
Q

Minerals involved in acid base equilibrium (pH) (3)

A

Phosphorus
Calcium
Magnesium

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7
Q

What is a metalloprotein?

A

Protein bound to metal

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8
Q

Examples of metalloproteins (3)

A

Haemoglobin
Myoglobin
Cytochromes

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9
Q

Major role of metalloenzymes

A

Regulate biological processes within the body

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10
Q

Examples of metalloenzymes (4)

A

Glutathione peroxidase
Carbonic anhydrase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Cerulolasmin ferroxidase

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11
Q

What can cause mineral deficiencies?(2)

A

Inadequate diet

Inability to digest mineral

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12
Q

Define metabolic deficiencies

A

Inability of the body to digest minerals from sites in the body or from diet

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13
Q

What is the major source of sodium in foods?

A

Sodium chloride

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14
Q

What are the roles of sodium (4)

A

Nerve conduction
Nutrient absorption and transport
Maintenance of membrane potential
Regulation of osmotic and electrolyte balance

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15
Q

What is the primary regulator of water intake

A

Thirst

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16
Q

Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance (11)

A

Decreased blood pressure/blood volume
Kidneys release renin into circulation
Stimulates angiotensin 1 then angiotensin 2
Causes vasoconstriction

Angiotensin 2 also causes aldosterone to be synthesised by adrenal glands 
Kidneys increase reabsorption of sodium 
Increases water retention
Increases blood volume 
Increases blood pressure

Low BP/BV increased ADH production from pituitary gland
Stimulates kidneys to increase water reabsorption
Increase BP

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17
Q

What is hypnotremia?

A

Decreases sodium concentration in blood plasma

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18
Q

What causes hyponaetremia?(3)

A

Excessive hypotonic sweating
Prolonged vomiting or diarrhoea
Diuretics

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19
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Increased sodium concentration in blood plasma

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20
Q

What causes hypernatremia?(3)

A

Excess fluid loss
Inadequate water intake
Renal failure causing excess sodium

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21
Q

Effects of excess sodium chloride?(5)

A 
Hypertension
Edema 
Stomach cancer
Osteoporosis - excess calcium excretion
Left ventricle hypertrophy
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22
Q

What is the average amount of iron in human body?(5)

A

2-4g

65% Haemoglobin
10% myoglobin
1-5% enzymes
Rest in blood and storage

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23
Q

Which oxidation states does iron exist in the human body?(2)

A

Fe2+ - ferrous, haem

Fe3+ ferric, non-haem

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24
Q

Which type of foods contains some heam iron?(3)

A

Meat, poultry and fish (also has non haem, veggies + fruit exclusively have non haem)

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25
Roles of iron (4)
Oxygen transport Cofactor for enzymes Energy production Pro-oxidant
26
How much of body weight is accounted for by minerals
4%
27
Examples of specific roles of iron (4)
Cofactor for enzymes - succinate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle Pro-oxidation - lipid peroxidation Energy production - cytochrome contains haem which transports election through ETC Oxygen transport - control to Haemoglobin structure
28
Iron absorption (7)
Dietary non-haem (Fe3+) is reduced to Fe2+ for transport across the apical brush border Uses divalent metal transport 1 (DMT1) Dietary haem iron is transported across border by Haem Carrier Protein 1 Haem is released from a bigger dietary haem structure by haem oxygenase Some iron stored in ferritin Ferroportin exports some iron for it to be incorporated into serum transferrin
29
What is a mineral?(3)
Building blocks of rocks Inorganic nutrients Present in the soil, rocks and water
30
Describe ferritin (3)
Iron storage protein found in all cells Stores ferric iron (Fe3+) Amount of ferritin directly reflects amount of iron in body
31
Describe transferrin (3)
Glycoprotein synthesised in the liver Ferric iron is transported in blood bound to transferrin Delivers iron to site of storage or utilisation
32
What increases haem absorption (2)
Low iron status | Low haem iron intake
33
What increases non haem absorption (5)
``` Depleted iron status Pregnancy Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Meat, Fish, seafood Anaemia ```
34
What decreases haem absorption (3)
High iron status High haem iron intake Calcium
35
What decreases non haem absorption (5)
``` Replete iron status Low gastric acid Phytates Iron-binding phenolic compounds Calcium ```
36
3 stages of iron deficiency
Depletion of strange iron - decreases in serum ferritin Decrease in transport iron Decrease in iron for Haemoglobin for new blood cells
37
Effects of iron deficiency (4)
Fatigue Anaemia Poor cognitive development in babies Babies born with poor motor skills
38
Where is iodine found?(3)
Rocks Seawater Some soils
39
Good sources of iodine (2)
Seaweed | Seafish
40
Iodine absorption (3)
Rapidly absorbed in the gut Distributed throughout whole body Excess excreted in urine
41
On average how much iodine is present in humans
20-30 mg
42
Roles of iodine (7)
Thyroid hormone synthesis in thyroid gland ``` Thyroid hormones regulates: metabolic rate Thermogenesis Growth and development Blood cell production Nerve and muscle function Modulates gene expression by binding to receptors ```
43
Iodine deficiency (3)
Many people affected worldwide Causes goitre - swelling in neck Can cause mental retardation - lower IQ points
44
What is goitre (3)
Enlargement of thyroid glands Causes by iodine deficiency - under 50 mg per day Reversible with iodine treatment
45
What is cretinism (4)
Due to iodine deficiency prior to birth Neurological syndrome - mental retardation Stunts growth Irreversible
46
What can affect iodine bioavailability
Goitrogens
47
How do goitrogens affect bioavailability (4)
Reduce iodine metabolism by reducing iodine uptake Reduce synthesis of thyroid hormone Reduce release of hormone from gland May compete with iodide for uptake by thyroid gland
48
Examples of goitrogens (2)
Thiocyanates | Cyanogenic glycosides
49
What causes iodine toxicity
Over 2g a day over a prolonged time
50
Selenium food sources (5)
``` Seafoods Organ meats Cereals and grains Dairies Brazil nuts ```
51
Which selenium source is more bioavailable
Plant sources
52
Differences in absorption of organic and inorganic selenium (4)
Organic - actively transported, more rapidly absorbed | Inorganic - passively absorbed, slower absorption
53
Which proteins are selenium typically bound to in the blood (2)
VLDL | Albumin
54
Food sources of calcium (3)
Dairies Sardines with bones Fortified products
55
Factors that improve calcium absorption (3)
Vitamin D Lactose containing foods ingested at the same time Sugar alcohols
56
Factors that inhibit calcium absorption (8)
``` Fibre Phytates Oxalates - found in spinach and squash High sodium High protein High caffeine Soda - phosphoric acid Tannin - in tea ```
57
Roles of calcium (5)
``` Bones and teeth Neuronal transmission Blood clotting Muscle contraction/relaxation Cofactor for enzymes ```
58
Food sources of phosphorus
Same foods as calcium
59
How does vitamin D regulate low calcium and phosphorus availability in the blood (3)
Stimulate increased absorption from GI tract Increase retention at kidney Withdrawal from bones to blood (resorption)
60
How does PTH regulate calcium (4)
Increase bone resorption Increase kidney reabsorption Increase PO4 excretion Increase calcium absorption from small intestine by synthesising calcitrol from kidney
61
What is 1,25(OH)2D and its roles (5)
Metabolite of vitamin D produced in kidney increase blood calcium by promoting absorption of dietary calcium from GI tract Increases calcium reabsorption Increases release of calcium from bone
62
Inadequate dietary calcium consequences (3)
Maintain blood calcium at expense of bones Osteoporosis - low BMD Osreomalcia - rickets in children
63
What are minerals classified by?(2)
Requirement | Tissue amount
64
What classes as a macro mineral (2)
Over 5g found in body | Over 100mg needed a day
65
What classes as a micro mineral (2)
Under 5g in body | 1-100 mg needed a day
66
Trace mineral (2)
Trace amount found in body | Under 1mg needed a day
67
What happens if their a high levels of trace mineral in the body?(2)
Become chemically reactive | Becomes toxic
68
What is the most common mineral deficiency
Iron
69
What vary mineral requirements?(5)
``` Pregnancy Lactation Growth Frequency activity Gut parasites ```
70
What causes hidden hunger (4)
Poor food security Geographical location Food processing Metabolic deficieny
71
How can geo location affect diet(2)
Soil content of mineral is variable | Problematic for those who are dependent on local food
72
Why must iron be bound to protein
Free iron is toxic
73
Examples of how food processing can lead to an improper diet (5)
For example increase salt content to make foods more palatable Increased sodium results in increased secretion - loss of calcium Food preparation can reduce minerals - peeling and boiling Milling of grains to refine them
74
Mechanisms to prevent iron toxicity (3)
Storage - bound to ferritin Recycle iron to make new blood cells Regulate amount of iron that is absorbed
75
What greatly impacts selenium concentrations in food sources?
Selenium soil concentration - influences intake
76
What is selenium converted to after being absorbed (2)
Selenophosphate then selenocysteine
77
Selenium anti oxidant mechanism (5)
Vitamin E donates electron to stabilise free radical and protect cell membrane Vitamin E becomes a radical glutathione donates electron to vitamin E so it can be regenerated This requires glutathione peroxidase which contain selenium Glutathione is regenerated by vitamin C (absorbed acid)
78
Consequences of selenium deficiency (3)
Kashin-beck disease Osteoarthropathy Keshan disease
79
Selenium toxicity symptoms (3)
Skin lesions Garlic breath Brittle hair and nails
80
Calcium regulation when calcium is high (3)
High plasma calcium stimulates an increase in calcitonin from thyroid Inhibits bone resorption and calcium reabsorption This decreases plasma calcium
81
Calcium regulation when plasma levels are low (7)
Increase in PTH and vitamin D Increases absorption, reabsorption, resorption and PO4 renal excretion Thus increases plasma calcium levels
82
What are DRVs determined to achieve for minerals (2)
Maintain a given circulating level/ tissue concentration | Absence of signs of deficiency disease
83
What is the most abundant cation + and anion - in the body?
Sodium | Chloride
84
Variable sources of iodine (3)
Plants Cereals Dairies
85
What is iodine absorbed as?
Iodide
86
What percentage of iodide is in the thyroid gland?
80%
87
Metalloenzyme associated with iron and its function
Succinate dehydrogenase | TCA Cycle
88
Metalloenzyme associated with copper and its functions
Ceruloplasmin ferroxidase Iron utilisation Copper transport
89
Metalloenzyme associated with zinc and its function
Carbonic anhydrase CO2 formation
90
Metalloenzyme associated with manganese and its function
Pyruvate carboxylase Pyruvate metabolism (TCA cycle)
91
Example of macro minerals (6)
``` Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Magnesium ```
92
Examples of micro minerals (6)
``` Iron Zinc Copper Selenium Iodine Manganese ```
93
Cereals with medium iron bioavailability
Corn flour
94
Cereals with low iron bioavailability (3)
Maize Wholemeal flour Rice
95
Fruits with low iron bioavailability (2)
Apples | Bananas
96
Fruits with medium iron bioavailability
Pineapple
97
Fruits with high iron bioavailability (2)
Orange | Lemon
98
Vegetables with medium iron bioavailability (2)
Carrot | Potatoes
99
Vegetables with low iron bioavailability (2)
Soya | Legumes
100
Vegetables with high iron bioavailability (2)
Cabbage | Broccoli
101
Nuts have ______ iron bioavailability
Low
102
Animal products with low iron bioavailability (3)
Cheese Cow milk Eggs
103
Animal products with high iron bioavailability (4)
Meat Fish Poultry Breast milk
104
Examples of ferrous (Fe2+) supplements (2)
Ferrous sulphate | Ferrous fumarate
105
Iodine toxicity symptoms (6)
``` Fever Burning sensations Vomiting Diarrhoea Nausea Coma ```
106
Rich sources of selenium (2)
Organ meats | Seafoods
107
What percentage of selenium is absorbed in the small intestine?
50-80
108
In which tissues have the highest iodine concentrations?(3)
Thyroid glands Saliva glands Gastric glands
109
Food sources of thiocyanates (3)
Cabbage Kale Sprouts
110
Food source cyanogenic glycosides
Cassava

Fundamentals (17 decks)

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