Vitamins Flashcards by Kwame Otchere

Water soluble vitamins (2)

Vitamin C

B vitamins

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Fat soluble vitamins (4)

Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
Vitamin E

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Vitamin definition (3)

Organic compounds required for maintenance of health
They cannot be synthesised in the body (must be provided in the diet)
They are required in very small amounts

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Water soluble vitamin characteristics (6)

Absorbed in blood
Freely transported 
Excreted readily in urine
Possible toxicity from supplements
Required in frequent doses
Mainly co enzymes for energy metabolism

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Lipid soluble vitamin characteristics (6)

Absorbed in lymph before entering blood
Often protein bound
Stored in cells associated with fat
Less readily excreted 
Toxicity is likely from supplements 
Requires periodic doses

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Name b vitamins 1-6

Thiamin
Riboflavin 
Niacin
Adenine
Pantothenic acid
B6- pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

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Name b vitamins 7 to 12

Biotin
Adenosine mono phosphate 
Folate
PABA
PHGA
Cobalamin

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Which b vitamin is non-essential and which AA is it derived from?

Niacin

Tryptophan

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Similar features of the b vitamins (4)

Co factors in different enzyme systems
Found in the same foods
Water soluble so not stored in body for long
Frequently lost

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What are b vitamins co enzymes involved in?(4)

Release of energy from foods
Metabolism regulation
Cell division of red blood cells
Cell division of GI tract

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What are co enzymes (3)

Organic molecules required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis
Bind to active site of enzyme
Often function as intermediate carriers of electrons or functional groups

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Sources of thiamin (3)

Animal products
Wheat in bread (although must be fortied as it is lost in milling)
Germinating seeds

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What is TTP involved in?(2)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase entering TCA cycle

a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)

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Effects of thiamin deficiency

Beri beri

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Beri beri symptoms (4)

Fatigue
Loss appetite
Nervous system dysfunction
Heart failure

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Sources of riboflavin (b2)

Animal products

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What are riboflavin co enzymes (FMN/FAD) involved in?(2)

Oxidation reduction reactions including :

Electron transport
Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation

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Name of riboflavin deficiency

Ariboflavinosis

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Symptoms of ariboflavinosis (4)

Cracks around mouth
Blood shot eyes
Skin rash
Magnets tongue

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Best source of niacin (B3)

Meats (also found in some cereals)

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What is the issue with niacin from cereals (2)

Low bioavailability

Due to it being bound to compounds in cereal

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How much tryptophan is needed to make a gram of niacin

60g

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Functions of niacin (3)

Co enzymes forms of niacin (NAD/NADP) involved in hydrogen transfer in body
Also needed by more than 200 enzymes

Involved in carbs, lipid and protein metabolism

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What type of reactions is NADH involved in?

What type is NADPH involved in?

Energy production reactions

Anabolic reactions

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What is a consequence of tryptophan and niacin deficiency

Pellagra

85% of pantothenic acid in food is as _______

CoA

Key functions of CoA (3)

First step of TCA cycle Beta oxidation of FAs Fatty acid synthesis

PA deficiency symptoms (4)

Skin sensations - burning feet Fatigue Muscle weakness Depression

What is folic acid?(3)

Synthetic form of folate Used in dietary supplements Absorbed better than folate

Which type of foods are higher in folate

Raw

2 forms of folate

Monoglutamte | Polyglutamate

Which is the main form of folate in food?

Polyglutamate

Roles of folate (4)

Amino acid metabolism DNA synthesis Cell division Red blood cell formation

Effects of folate deficiency (3)

Decreased metabolism of methionine which increase homocysteine This is a risk factor for heart disease

3 stages of folate deficiency

Low folate plasma due to low intake Red blood cell folate diminishes (after 4 months) Megaloblastic anaemia occurs

Megaloblastic anaemia (5)

Release of large immature erythrocytes into blood Large cells due to decreased DNA synthesis Failure of cells to divide properly Leads to excess Haemoglobin However they are ineffective at delivering oxygen

Benefits of folate supplementation during pregnancy

Decrease incidence of neural tube defect

What is neural tube defect?

Opening in spinal cord or brain

Sources of vitamin B12

Animal foods only

What prevent vegans from becoming severely B12 deficient?

Bacterial contamination in food and water we consuming produces B12

What can also cause B12 deficiency?

Lack of intrinsic factor in gastric juice

What happens to B12 after use(3)

Returns to liver Secreted in bile Can be used again

Roles of B12 (2)

Co enzyme involved in: Folate methionine cycle Synthesis of succinyl CoA

Main cause of B12 deficiency

Inadequate absorption (not intake)

B12 deficiency outcomes (3)

Megaloblastic anaemia Demethylation of nerves May induce folate deficiency (increasing homocysteine)

Name the B6 vitamers

Pyridoxine - alcohol form Pyridoxamine - amine form Pyridoxal - aldehyde form

Name the metabolically active form of vitamin B6

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Functions of B6 (2)

Co enzyme for glycogen phosphorylase | AA transamination reaction

Secondary causes of B6 deficiency (4)

Malabsorption Coeliac disease Dialysis for renal failure Chronic alcoholism

Which b vitamin has higher storage than usual and why?

B12 | Can be bound to a protein

Which lipid soluble vitamin can be a co enzyme

Vitamin K

What can affect b vitamins?(3)

Heat during cooking Exposure to light Exposure to air

Ultimate role of co enzymes

Helps transfer functional groups from one compound to another

Symptoms of pellagra - the 4 Ds

Dermatitis Dementia Diarrhoea Death

Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms (4)

Inflammation of tongue Lesions around lips and mouth Peripheral neuropathy Anaemia

What is vitamin D3 known as?

Cholecalciferol

What is vitamin D2 known as?

Ergocalciforel

What is involved in vitamin A transport?(3)

Transthyretin Lipoproteins Retinol binding protein

What enzyme in vitamin C synthesis is not produced by humans

L-gulono-gamma-lactose oxidase

What proportion of vitamin E is excreted?

70%

What kind of side chain does vitamin E contain?

Isoprenoid

Retinol is _____ to retinyl palmitate

Esterified

Retinoic acid is _______ to retinal

Reduced

Retinol is _____ to retinal

Oxidised

Which organ responses to a drop in phosphorus

Kidney

What percentage of vitamin A is absorbed?

What is 1, 25(OH)2 also know as?

Calcitrol

What vitamin converts homocysteine to methionine?

B12

What vitamin converts homocysteine to cystathionine and then to cysteine

Which vitamin is key for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines?

Folate

Vitamins Flashcards

(70 cards)