misc 3 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Scala media is separated from scala vestibuli by ……
A
Reissner’s (vestibular) membrane
2
Q
The first fetal movement occurs at …..
A
2 months
3
Q
Cleidocranial dysostosis affects bones of ……
A
intermembranous ossification origin
* causes defect in skull, facial bones & clavicle. Also dental anomalies
4
Q
Upper fibers of the trapezius ……., while the lower fibers ……..
A
elevate the acromion
depress the medial of the scapula
* Flexion of neck is through the SCM (one side of SCM will turn face sideways)
* elevation of scapula is through levator scapulae & rhomboids
5
Q
The sciatic nerve controls ……
A
knee flexion
- It is the longest nerve in the body
- Derived from sacral plexus
- Supply all muscles of foot, leg, and posterior thigh
- In contrast, femoral N. responsible for knee extension
- Divides at the back of the knee into lateral peroneal N. & medial tibial N
6
Q
The obturator nerve supplies ……..
A
the medial aspect of the thigh
* Hip adduction
7
Q
A patient with a foot drop may indicate damage to ……..
A
deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
8
Q
Hip abduction is mediated by …….
A
superior gluteal N
9
Q
The origin of the cerebellar climbing fibers is ……
A
the medullary olivary nucleus
10
Q
Conc. of RBC is higher in men due to …….
A
erythrogenic effect of androgen
* In men 4.5 - 6 million/mm3
11
Q
Hematocrit for men is ……
A
40 - 55%
12
Q
Sickle cell anemia is the result of …….
A
single base pair substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the 6th position of the b subunit of hemoglobin
* In this disease, RBCs lose their pliability, causing clogging of capillaries
13
Q
G6PD deficiency leads to ………
A
hemolytic anemia due to decrease NADPH and inability to maintain RBC membrane
* Induced by sulfa drugs, fova beans & oxidants
14
Q
After Hb break down, iron binds to ……, and then it combines with …..
A
transferrin
apoferritin (to form ferritin)
15
Q
Neutrophiles have …. lobes and contain …..
A
3 - 5 lobes
azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
* Primary cells of acute inflammation
* Comprise 60%
16
Q
Eosinophilia is ……..
A
increase in the number of eosinophils with parasitic infection, neoplasms, asthma or allergy
17
Q
The largest of the peripheral blood cells is ……., which have a ….. nucleus
A
monocyte
kidney shaped
* Constitutes 1 - 3 %
* Nucleus stains lighter than lymphocyte due to loosely arranged chromatin
18
Q
The life span of platelets is around …..
A
10 days
19
Q
Platelets have two zones, …. & …..
A
hyalomere (peripheral, light staining) & granulomere (central, dark staining, with granules, mitochondria)
* no nucleus
20
Q
Plasma contain the following proteins …….
A
albumin, globulin (alpha, beta, gamma), fibrinogen
- Plasma is in equilibrium with extracellular fluid
- Serum lacks fibrinogen
21
Q
Lymph returns ……. into the circulation
A
escaped plasma proteins, lymphocytes & antibodies
22
Q
Lymphatic capillaries begin as …….. and the endothelium ……
A
blind pouches or saccules
lack a continuous basal lamina
23
Q
Lymph vessels are not found in …….
A
nervous system, cartilage, thymus
24
Q
Hematopoiesis takes place in ……..
A
proximal ends of long bones, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvis, flat bones of skull
25
The process of erythropoiesis is characterized by ........
progressive decrease in size, gradual decrease in organelles, and progressive increase in Hb
26
Pyknosis is .......
the irreversibe condensation of the chromatin in the nucleus. Followed by karyorrhexis (fragmentation of nucleus)
27
The last cell to undergo mitosis in erythropoiesis is .......
the polychromatophilic erythroblast (checkerboard chromatin)
28
What are the stages of erythrocytes formation?
1. Proerythroblast
2. Basophilic erythroblast
3. Polychromatic erythroblast
4. Normoblast
5. Reticulocyte
6. Erythrocyte
29
The bone marrow is ......
highly sensitive to radiation, highly mitotic, and not highly specialized tissue
30
The last cell to undergo mitosis is granulopoiesis is .....
Myelocyte
| * Also, the distinct granules for each type is included by Golgi in this stage
31
Bandemia is ........
the acute increase in the number of band neutrophils. Indicates acute infection
32
Promonocyte differentiate from .....
monoblast. Gives rise to monocytes
| * Monopoiesis is characterized by reduction in size & indentation of nucleus
33
The largest cell in the bone marrow is .....
megakaryocyte
| * produced from megakaryoblast, which undergo mitosis
34
Megakaryocyte nucleus undergoes ......
nuclear division without cytoplasmic division
35
The spleen lies into the ......... region and is protected by ......
hypochondriac
rib cage
* Covered by peritoneum
36
The splenic vessels pass in the ......
lienorenal ligament
37
The lumbar lymph nodes drain .....
the legs, pelvis, gonads, kidneys, and hindgut
| * The efferents drain through the lumbar trunks into cysterna chyli
38
Cysterna chyli is .....
the initial dilated portion of the thoracic duct at the level of L2
39
The thoracic duct passes the diaphragm through .......
the aortic orifice
40
Atrial septal defect develops if ......
septum primum fails to fuse with the endocardial cushion
| Testlet 72 anatomy
41
The precentral gyrus is ......, while the post central is ......
primary motor cortex
| primary sensory cortex
42
The insula is .....
gustatory cortex
43
The prokaryotic flagella is different from the eurkaryotic counterparts, as .....
they lack the 9 + 2 organization of microtubules
44
A lesion of the cerebellopontine angel would affect ...... (CN)
facial N & vestibulocochlear N
45
The optic cup ectoderm gives rise to .........
muscles of the iris (sphincter & dilator)
| * The only muscles not from mesoderm
46
Somitomeres are .........
specialized masses of mesoderm found in the head region that give rise to the muscles of the head (including the extraoccular muscles)
* Note: the somites form the inferior muscles of the neck
47
The buccinator origin is ........, and insertion is .......
processes of the Max. & Mand.
| orbicualris oris
48
Which one of the tongue papillae is avascular??
filiform papillae
49
Zone pellucida stains red with PAS stain due to .......
rich content of glycoproteins & polysaccharide
50
What is the abductor of the arm and its origin & insertion??
the deltoid muscle
| Origin is the clavicle & scapula, insertion is the deltoid tuberosity of humerus
51
What is the order of content of the intercostal space
V - A - N
| * The nerve is the least shielded by the rib
52
Psoas major muscle origin is ......, and insertion is .......
```
L1 - L5 transverse processes
lesser trochanter
* Innervation is lumbar plexus
* Action is external rotation & flexion
* Note: Passes near the appendix. +ve psoas sign is pain when attempting to straighten the thigh in case of appendicitis
```
53
The femoral nerve supply ......
the quadriceps femoris muscle (extensor)
54
The origin of the preganglionic neurons of the ANS is ......., while the postganglionic is ......
```
neuroectoderm (along with CNS & somatic neurons of PNS)
neural crest (along with sensory neurons of PNS)
* Hirschsprung's disease could be due to NCC defect (since it forms the GIT ganglions)
```
55
Hemidesmosomes connect .....
the epithelial cells to the basement membrane
| * Desmosomes connect cells to each other
56
Triploidy occurs when ......
the egg is fertilized by two sperms (3N, 69 chromosomes)
| * Uniploidy is the normal sperm or egg (N, 23 chromosome)
57
Babinski reflex is ......
flexion of the big toe & fanning of the other toes. Indicates a neurological damage
* Normal in children, abnormal in adults
58
The superior laryngeal artery is accompanied by ....
the internal laryngeal nerve (they both pass through the cricothyroid membrane)
59
Lower motor neuron lesions lead to .......
atrophy of the muscle supplied
60
The uncus is ......
medial protrusion of the parahippocampal gyrus (on ventral surface of temporal lobe)
* The amygdala lies laterally to the uncus
61
The intermediate nerve carries ....
sensory & parasymp. fibers of the facial nerve
| * Joins the motor root in the geniculate ganglion
62
Gastroschisis is ........
protrusion of the gut through a defect in the abdominal wall due to defect in fusion during lateral folding
63
The femoral triangle is formed by ......
the inguinal ligament (sup.), adductor longus (medially), santorius (laterally)
* Floor formed by pectinus muscle
* Contents (medial to lateral) is V - A - N
64
Pedundal N. is ......
branch of the sacral plexus. Supply the external genitalia, external anal sphincter & the bladder
* Motor & sensory (orgasm)
65
Primary cleft palate is located ....... due to .......
anterior to the incisive foramen
* caused by failure of fusion of primary (median palatine) palate to the secondary (lateral palatine) palate
* Secondary occurs posterior to incisive foramen
* * Testlet 18 anatomy
66
The cavernous sinus contents are .......
* Center: ICA & Cn 6
| * Lateral wall (top to bottom): Cn 3,4,2,V2
67
The pterygoid venous plexus is located between ........
Lateral pterygoid & temporalis muscles
68
Acidophils of the pituitary gland secretes .......
GH
| * Other cells of pituitary are basophils & chromophobes
69
Describe the ductal system of the parotid gland
Granular serous cells release their secretion into the intercalated ducts
Secretion then travels from intercalated to striated ducts. Here, the ionic concentration is established
* Note: Serous demilunes are only found in the submandibular gland (they surround the mucous acini)
70
A patient losing the ability to swallow indicates damage to ......... nerve
glossopharyngeal
71
The muscle attaches to a tendon through .....
continuity of connective tissue sheaths of the muscle with those of the tendon
72
What are the types of collagen fibers in the PDL?
Type I & III
73
What are the arteries comprising the Kisselbach plexus??
Sphenopalatine A
Lateral Nasal A
Superior labial A
Ant. ethmoidal A. of ICA
74
The greater petrosal N is a branch of ......
VII
75
Lymph vessels of the neck is located within ...... layer
subcutaneous fascia (superficial fascia)
76
What are the types of synarthroses ???
1. Syndesmosis: between radius & ulna, and sutures of growing skull, later converted to --->
2. Synostoses: bones united by bone tissue
3. Synchondrosis: bones united by hyaline cartilage, like epiphyseal plate
4. Symphysis: combo of hyaline & fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs & pubis)
77
The vertebrae not containing a intervertebral disk are ....
between C1 & C2
78
The frontal bone is formed as .......
paired bone that fuses later
79
The nerve plexus of Rashkow is located in ......
cell free zone (of Weil)
80
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is .....
a lesion of the MLF
| * Question 33 anatomy F.A
81
Circle of Willis include ......
ICA
Ant cerebral A
Post cerebral A
Ant & Post communicating arteries
82
The inf. orbital fissure is formed between ......
the maxilla & the sphenoid bone
83
Which gland opens by the way of Rivian's duct?
sublingual salivary gland
84
Control for eccrine glands is ........, while for the apocrine is ........
cholinergic
| adrenergic
85
The carotid sheath is located ....... to the thyroid gland
posterior
| * Also, the sheath is anterior the the scalene muscles, & medial to the SCM muscle
86
The vestibulo-occular reflex is ....
done with cold & warm water to elicit nystagmus
(COWS = cold opposite, warm same)
* Cn. VIII is involved, as the nystagmus is due to activation of the semicircular canals in inner ear
87
Sphincter of Boyden is located at ......
the common bile duct (junction of pancreatic duct & bile duct)
88
As the dentin ages, there is an increase in the deposition of ........
peritubular dentin
| * Note: dead tracts don't change in size!
89
.......... is the most produced form of intertubular dentin
circumpulpal dentin
90
Vitamin D is produced in ......... layers of the skin
Stratum basale & spinosum (epidermis)
91
Parafollicular cells secrete ...... while follicular cells secrete ........
* Calcitonin (AKA C cells, NCC origin)
| * T4 & T3 (endodermal origin)
92
When performing IAN injection, the needle passes ........
the mucous membrane, the buccinator, and then would lie lateral to the medial pterygoid.
* The ptergomandibular raphe lies posterior to the target mand. foramen
93
The function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx is ......
pull the pharynx upward to seal the nasopharynx
94
The first pharyngeal arch contributes to the tongue .......
a medial swelling (tuberculum impar) & two lateral swellings
95
The two medial nasal processes fuse in the midline to give rise ......
to intermaxillary process
96
Foramen lacerum transmits ........
part of the ICA
97
Palatovaginal canal (or pharyngeal) transmits .....
pharyngeal nerve & artery
| * Connects the roof of the nasopharynx to the pterygopalatine fossa
98
The pterygomaxillary fissure is formed by ......, and connects ........
the maxilla & pterygoid plate of sphenoid
| * connects the infratemporal with the pterygopalatine fossa
99
The nucleolus is ........ bound structure
non membrane
100
The muscle responsible for elevating & protruding the lower lip is ........
mentalis
| * arises from the incisive fossa of the mandible
