miscellaneous

Question 1

Elastin fibres location/structure

Answer 1

skin, blood vessels, lungs

Question 2

Collagen fibres location/function

Answer 2

bone cartilage tendons ligaments
resist pulling forces

Question 3

Reticular fibres location

Answer 3

Basement membrane, networks through adipose tissue, nervous fibres, smooth muscle tissue

Question 4

Fibrillin in marfans syndrome and function

Answer 4

dominant mutation, 1/20000 births
fibrillin is a large glycoprotein that provides strength and stability to elastin by acting as scaffold

Question 5

Macrophages and neutrophils location

Answer 5

sites of III, inflammation, injury, infection.

Question 6

plasma cells - antibodies

Answer 6

gut, spleen, lungs, red bone marrow, salivary glands, lymph nodes

Question 7

Loose Adipose tissue location

Answer 7

orbit of eye (butt, flanks etc)
with areolar CT (inc fibroblasts)

Question 8

osteocytes have what junctions

Answer 8

gap junctions

Question 9

lamellae structure

Answer 9

collagen for tensile strength (minerals hardness etc..)

Question 10

irregular CT location

Answer 10

dermis (muscle fascia, eyeball)

Question 11

dense elastic location

Answer 11

lungs, arteries, trachea, bronchi, actual vocal cords, ligaments between vertebrae

Question 12

exophthalmus

Answer 12

autoimmune over activation of thyroid (swelling called goitre), autoimmune overstimulation of fibroblasts. Increased secretion of GAGS and water attracted.

Question 13

trophoblast function

Answer 13

-thickens uterine wall
-secretes protease enzymes to allow for implantation
-secretes hormones (human chorionic gonadotropin) to inhibit menstruation

Question 14

peptide chains twists two ways:

Answer 14

pi and sine, together are ramachandran angles

Question 15

albumin

Answer 15

most abundant protein in Blood ECM (plasma), produced by liver hepatocytes.

Question 16

skin functions

Answer 16

epidermis - vitamin D production
dermis - feeds epidermis; thermoregulation; sensory receptors
Hypodermis - stores fat; attaches skin to deeper layers

Question 17

location of post translation modifications

Answer 17

golgi body or cytosol

Question 18

checkpoints of gene expression

Answer 18

1.) transcription factors need to assemble, DNA accessibility
2.) processing of pre-mRNA
3.) nuclear pores proteins regulate mRNA
4.) regulatory proteins can block translation, life span of mRNA

Question 19

release factor

Answer 19

binds to stop codon of mRNA, promotes hydrolysis between p-site tRNA and last aa, releasing polypeptide chain

Question 20

smooth muscle locations

Answer 20

general: walls of hollow internal structures
examples: intestines, blood vessels, (respiratory, urinary, digestive systems), skin erector pili, iris of eye

Question 21

neuron types dendrite numbers

Answer 21

multipolar (2 or more) and unipolar - multiple

bipolar - 1 dendrite that can branch

Question 22

neuron types abundance

Answer 22

multipolar (motor) most abundant
bipolar (special senses) rare
unipolar (most sensory) middle?
anaxonic rare

Question 23

neuron types size

Answer 23

multipolar and unipolar - longest (spinal cord to toe)

bipolar - small

Question 24

where does splicing occur/on what

Answer 24

spliceosome - large complex of proteins and small RNAs

Question 25

gap junctions in muscle types

Answer 25

cardiac: yes - intercalated discs, specialised connexins in purkinje cells
smooth: depends - lots of gaps in gut, no gaps in iris of eye
skeletal: no

Question 26

codons are…

Answer 26

3 nucleotides representing 1 amino acid

Question 27

chorionic villi

Answer 27

differentiated from trophoblasts; found in placenta; facilitate gas and nutrient exchange between foetus and maternal bloodstream

Question 28

interstitial fluid unexpected function

Answer 28

absorbs fatty fluid from gut

Question 29

hyaline cartilage location

Answer 29

ends of long bones and anterior of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, embyronic and fetal skeleton

Question 30

hyaline cartilage function

Answer 30

fine collagen; provides smooth surface for movement at joints, most abundant but weakest cartilage

Question 31

dense elastic function

Answer 31

strength; stretching and recoiling (after exhaling, between heartbeats)

Question 32

fibrocartilage function/location

Answer 32

support/joining structures together, strongest cartilage

hip bones junction, intervertebral discs, knees, tendon to cartilage insertions

Question 33

elastic cartilage location

Answer 33

larynx lid (epiglottis), external of ear (auricle), auditory tubes (eustachian)

Question 34

chromosome/ chromatid count during meiosis phases

Answer 34

start of meiosis I: 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids in one diploid cell
Start of meiosis II: 23 chromosomes, 46 chromatids in two diploid cells
end of meiosis II: 23 chromosmes in 4 haploid cells

Question 35

alpha helix direction

Answer 35

clockwise spirals

Question 36

entry points of carbs/fats/proteins atp production

Answer 36

carbohydrates break into sugars which enter at glycolysis

proteins break into amino acids which enter at glycolysis/pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle

fats break down into either glycerol entering at glycolysis or fatty acids entering at pyruvate oxidation

Question 37

glucose levels when diabetes

Answer 37

greater than or equal to 7mmol/L fasting

Question 38

G1 checkpoint

Answer 38

is dna undamaged?
is cell size/nutrient ok?
appropriate signals present?
if not may exit G zero

Question 39

M checkpoint prometaphase

Answer 39

all chromosomes attached to spindles?

Question 40

genetic variation locations

Answer 40

independent assortment at metaphase I

1-3 crossing over events per pair at prophase I (recombination)