Miscellaneous

Question 1

what causes AAAs

Answer 1

atherosclerosis

Question 2

what is a haemopericardium caused by

Answer 2

aortic dissection blood tracks back into pericardial cavity. fatal.

Question 3

strongest risk factor for dissection

Answer 3

hypertension

Question 4

treatment of dissection

Answer 4

REDUCE BP!!! then surgery

Question 5

what does ACE do

Answer 5

converts angiotensin 1 to 2

Question 6

AEs of CCBs

Answer 6

flush
headache
oedema
palpitations

Question 7

types of CCBs

Answer 7

• Dihydropyridines e.g. amlodipine. relax smooth muscle, vasodilation
• Phenylaslkylamines e.g. verapamil. negative chrono and inotrope (HR and force)
• Nezothiazepines diltiazem. both above effects.

Question 8

ecg finding in atrial flutter

Answer 8

saw tooth baseline (atrial depolarisation) ~ 300/min + regular QRS

Question 9

what complexes are positive if there is no axis deviation

Answer 9

leads I and II

Question 10

effects of HTN

Answer 10

IHD
HF
LVH
renal failure
stroke
PVD
AF

Question 11

pleural effusion in HF a transudate or exudate

Answer 11

transudate

Question 12

signs of shock

Answer 12

pale, cold, sweaty
weak, fast pulse
reduced pulse pressure
confusion, weakness collapse coma
thirst (angiotensin 2 formation)
reduced urine output (reduced gfr)

Question 13

what is unstable angina

Answer 13

no raised troponin
cardiac chest pain at rest
cardiac chest pain crescendo pattern
new onset angina (<24 h)

Question 14

what two HTN drugs are teratogenic

Answer 14

ACEi and ARBs

Question 15

types of CCBs and where they work

Answer 15

dihydropyridines e.g. amlodipine. mainly act on vascular smooth muscle

phenylaslkylamines e.g. verapamil. mainly act on heart

nezothiaepines e..g diltiazem. work on both heart and vascular smooth muscle

Question 16

what effects to the heart CCBs have on the heart

Answer 16

negative chronotropic (rate) and negative inotropic (force)

Question 17

SEs of CCBs

Answer 17

peripheral vasodilation (e.g. amlodipine): flush, headache, oedema, palpitations

negative chronotropic (e.g. verapamil, diltiazem): bradycardia, atrioventricular blcok

negative inotrope (verapamil): worsening heart failure

Question 18

mode of action of beta blockers

Answer 18

negative inotrope and chronotrope

Question 19

side effects of beta blockers

Answer 19

• Fatigue
• Headache
• Cold peripheries
• Erectile dysfunction
• Bradycardia
• Hypotension

Question 20

CIs of BBs

Answer 20

asthma/COPD

PVD (IC or raynaud’s)

Question 21

where do loop diuretics work

Answer 21

thick ascending limb loop of henle.
act on NaKCl symporter
inhibit reabsorption of all 3 elements

Question 22

why is spirinolactone potassium sparing

Answer 22

no K+ excretion

Question 23

where does thiazide work and is it potassium sparing

Answer 23

distal convoluted tubule

not potassium sparing

Question 24

adverse effects

Answer 24

hypovolaemia
hypotension
hypokalaemia (except sprinolactone)

Question 25

2 SEs of thiazides

Answer 25

hyperuircacidaemia, ED

Question 26

main SE of nitrates

Answer 26

vascular headache (really bad pain)

Question 27

genetic conditions that cause venous thrombosis? (4) how are they inherited?

Answer 27

``` factor v leiden antithrombin deficiency protein c deficiency protein s deficiency autosomal dominant ```

Question 28

2 acquired conditions that cause thrombosis

Answer 28

antiphospholipid syndrome | lupus

Question 29

causes of AF in younger person

Answer 29

acute alc excess PE hypovolaemia

Question 30

SE GTN

Answer 30

whopping headache!

Question 31

new LBBB, think...

Answer 31

STEMI