Miscellaneous Concepts

Question 1

L1: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Failure of normal separation of intestinal and respiratory tracts

Answer 1

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Question 2

L1: Which contrast agent is mainly used in patients with high risk of gut perforation or toxic megacolon?

Answer 2

Iodinated water-soluble

Question 3

L1: Which polyp type? Most common in older patients in the left colon and rectum; small overgrowth of superficial epithelium

Answer 3

Hyperplastic polyp

Question 4

L1: Which polyp type? Overgrown and disorganized tissue most commonly seen in pediatric patients in the context of syndromes

Answer 4

Hamartomatous polyp

Question 5

L1: Which polyp type? Present with bleeding, cycles of injury and healing result in polyp formation

Answer 5

Inflammatory polyp

Question 6

L2: Which contrast agent is contraindicated for use upstream of a mechanical obstruction?

Answer 6

Barium

Question 7

L2: ____ is the predominant factor driving T helper cell differentiation in Peyer’s Patches.

Answer 7

TGF-beta

Question 8

L2: ____ mutations are markers that EGFR inhibitors will not be effective treatment.

Answer 8

K-RAS

Question 9

L2: ____ secreted by dendritic cells favors Treg differentiation.

Answer 9

IL-10

Question 10

L2: Colon cancers most commonly metastasize to the ______.

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

L2: Epitope spreading in celiac disease may result in IgA antibodies that cause which systemic sign?

Answer 11

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

Question 12

L2: In IBD, there is high activation of _____ cells that cannot be shut down.

Answer 12

Th1, Th17

Question 13

L2: Meat sensitivity may result from exposure to ______ which results in IgE antibodies directed against _____.

Answer 13

Lone Star Tick; alpha-gal

Question 14

L2: Name three contrast agents used in abdominal imaging.

Answer 14

Air, Barium, Iodinated water-soluble

Question 15

L2: Th0 cells in the presences of TGF-beta and IL-6 in the gut will differentiate into ____ cells.

Answer 15

Th1, Th2, or Th17

Question 16

L2: Th0 cells in the presences of TGF-beta in the gut will differentiate into ____ cells.

Answer 16

iTreg

Question 17

L2: What is the characteristic cytokine(s) released by Th1 cells?

Answer 17

IFN-gamma

Question 18

L2: What is the characteristic cytokine(s) released by Th2 cells?

Answer 18

IL-4, IL13

Question 19

L2: What is the most sensitive imaging study for detection of air

Answer 19

Upright CXR

Question 20

L2: What radiologic study can be used to detect the source of a GI bleed?

Answer 20

Tagged RBC scan

Question 21

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Choking with feeds, inability to swallow secretions, polyhydramnios

Answer 21

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Question 22

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Defect in abdominal rectus leading to abdominal contents outside of the abdominal cavity with no amniotic covering

Answer 22

Gastroschisis

Question 23

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Defect of ENS development resulting in absence of ganglion cells; associated with RET mutations

Answer 23

Hirschsprung Disease

Question 24

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Failure of intestines to return to abdomen following physiologic herniation during weeks 6-10 of development

Answer 24

Omphalocele

Question 25

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Most common malformation of small intestine

Answer 25

Meckel Diverticulum

Question 26

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Polyhydramnios and obstructive symptoms with presumed vascular etiology, associated with Down Syndrome

Answer 26

Intestinal Atresia

Question 27

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Presents with midgut volvulus, obstruction, and billious vomiting

Answer 27

Intestinal malrotation

Question 28

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Results from abnormal remnant of vitelline duct

Answer 28

Meckel Diverticulum

Question 29

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Saccular or tubular structures that may or may not communicate with normal bowel

Answer 29

GI Duplication

Question 30

L2: Which congenital/developmental pathology? Typically occurs as a consequence of prematurity, feeding intolerance, bloody stools, abdominal distension

Answer 30

Necrotizing enterocolitis

Question 31

L2: Which contrast agent is contraindicated in patients with high risk of aspiration?

Answer 31

Iodinated water-soluble

Question 32

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Autosomal dominant mutation in APC that increases risk of colon cancer dramatically

Answer 32

FAP

Question 33

L2: Which pathologic pattern? Inherited mutation of mismatch repair gene allele that increases risk of colon cancer

Answer 33

HNPCC

Question 34

L2: Which polyp type? Premalignant polyp more commonly in the right colon with dysplasia

Answer 34

Sessile Serrated Polyp

Question 35

L2: Which T helper cells are overactive in allergic conditions?

Answer 35

TH2

Question 36

L2: Which T helper cells are overactive in IBD?

Answer 36

Th1, Th17

Question 37

L2: Which tumor type? Benign salivary gland tumor with diverse microscopic pattern and duct-like structures

Answer 37

Pleomorphic adenoma

Question 38

L2: Which tumor type? Contains epithelial and lymphoid components; second most common benign tumor of the parotid gland

Answer 38

Warthin's Tumor

Question 39

L3: Name 4 strong risk factors for colorectal carcinoma.

Answer 39

Age, Country of origin, FAP/HNPCC, Ulcerative Colitis

Question 40

L4: Name 4 pathways associated with colon cancer.

Answer 40

Wnt/APC/Beta-catenin, K-RAS, microsattelite instability, epigenetic