ML Metabolism L 1, 5 & 6 I think

Question 1

a high intracellular concentration of ATP will have what effect on the rate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Answer 1

decrease in rate of glycolysis & increase in rate of gluconeogenesis

Question 2

can the body make fatty acids?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

does glycogen have high or low osmotic potential? and why?

Answer 3

low

so doesn’t bring in lots of water as it would if it was glucose and cause the cell to explode

Question 4

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Answer 4

new glucose synthesised by the body

making new glucose

Question 5

Gluconeogenic substrates meaning?

Answer 5

what we can use to make glucose

Question 6

Gluconeogenic substrates

Answer 6

> Lactate from anaerobic glycolysis
Amino acids
Glycerol from TAG’s

Question 7

glycogen is a storage molecule containing which of the following types of glycosidic bonds?

Answer 7

Alpha 1,4 and Alpha 1,6

Question 8

how does NAD become NADH

Answer 8

redox reaction, accepting a hydrogen and electron

Question 9

how is energy released from ATP?

Answer 9

energy is released when the bonds between the 3 phosphates are hydrolysed (broken)

Question 10

how is glycogen used in the liver?

Answer 10

using glycogen to maintain blood glucose levels

Question 11

how is glycogen used in the muscles?

Answer 11

to power muscle contractions

Question 12

how many carbons are usually the end point of fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 12

16 carbons is the usual end point of synthase

Question 13

how many electron transport complexes are present in the mitochondiral electron transport chain?

Answer 13

4

Question 14

how many electron transport complexes transfer protons (H+) to the inner mitochondrial space?

Answer 14

3

Question 15

is citric acid cycle, catabolic, anabolic or both?

Answer 15

can be both

Question 16

key points of stage 2 - catabolism (give 3 answers)

Answer 16

1) Intracellular cytoplasmic and mitochondrial
2) Some energy back by substrate phosphorylation
3) Many pathways
4) Bbm –> even simpler molecules
5) Oxidative process
6) Requires NAD+, NADP+ FAD

Question 17

key points stage 3 catabolism (2 answers)

Answer 17

1) Mitochondria

2) One pathway Krebbs cycle

Question 18

role of NADP (dont get mixed up with NAD)

Answer 18

Used in anabolic process as a form od reducing power to make other molecules

Question 19

some key points of stage 1- catabolism? give 3 answers

Answer 19

1) happens outside the cell
2) no ATP produced
3) Breaking complex molecules into smaller ones so we can get them into our cells

Question 20

what are the two classes of metabolic pathways?

Answer 20

catabolic

anabolic

Question 21

what does ATP stand for?

Answer 21

adenosine triphosphate

Question 22

what does OILRIG stand for?

Answer 22

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

Question 23

what is ATP made of?

Answer 23

Adenine base, ribose sugar and triphosphate

Question 24

what is glycogen used for?

Answer 24

vital for glucose requiring tissues

Question 25

what is lipid (triacylglycerol) used for

Answer 25

largest energy store

Question 26

what is metabolism?

Answer 26

Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions linked where one molecule is converted to another molecule

Question 27

what is muscle protein needed for?

Answer 27

important in prolonged starvation

Question 28

what is the anabolic pathway

Answer 28

formation of complex molecules from simpler ones by utilising energy

Question 29

what is the catabolic pathway?

Answer 29

breaking complex molecules down into simpler ones

Question 30

what is the role of NAD (2 roles)

Answer 30

1) electron carrier | 2) used to make ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

Question 31

when does GLUCONEOGENESIS occur?

Answer 31

when liver glycogen runs out

Question 32

where do we get energy from? give 3 sources

Answer 32

``` > carbs > lipids > proteins > water > vitamins ```

Question 33

where does ATP hold energy?

Answer 33

Holds energy because of phosphoanhydride bonds (bonds between 3 phosphates

Question 34

where does GLUCONEOGENESIS occur?

Answer 34

liver

Question 35

where does the body make fatty acids?

Answer 35

cytoplasm

Question 36

where in the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 36

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 37

why do we need energy? give 3 reasons

Answer 37

> mechanical work i.e cell movement, muscle contractions > active transport of molecules and ions > synthetic processes for growth and renewal