mm pp 6 Flashcards by Jenn Kirkpatrick

Fastidious Organisms

Very Hard to grow in lab culture due to high requirements

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Minimum requirements for Growth of microbe

Carbon Source, Nitrogen Source, Energy Source, Water, Ions

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Autotrophs

Need CO2

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Heterotrophs

Need Organic Carbons

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Major Essential Elements

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Iron, Sulfur, etc

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Some bacteria require _____ and _____ to be oxidized for ATP

Iron and Sulfur

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Some bacteria require minor elements to act as ________ for enzymes

Cofactors

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Obligate Aerobes

Must have oxygen to survive

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Obligate anaerobe

Cannot have oxygen due to buildup of toxic radical oxygen compounds

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Facultative Anaerobes

Can have air, or not. Either is fine.

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Catabolism

Breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules for metabolism

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Anabolism

Build small molecules up to larger ones. Need energy to do so.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Need electron transport chains to allow for aerobic respiration

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Substrate level phosphorylation

The internal change of ADP to ATP by moving phosphate compounds around

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Anaerobic Respiration

Use of non-oxygen compounds to form energy. Fe+2 can be used as an electron acceptor

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Most pathogenic microbes need _________

Sugar, proteins and fats

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Some Pathogenic microbes need _________

ONly inorganic nutrients and a Carbon source while others have extensive frowth requirements

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Some microbes are difficult or impossible to grow __________

in vitro

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Glycolysis yields

2 atp, 2 NADH+ H+, and 2 pyruvate

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Fermentation requires ______ and ________ to be used

NADH and Pyruvate

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The citrate cycle or Krebs cycle yields

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1GTP

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Citrate cycle is a _________ pathway

Amphibolic

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Oxidative Phosphorylation of NADH yields __________

3 ATP

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Oxidative Phosphorylation of FADH2 yields _________

2 ATP

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About _______ ATP can be generated from glucose

Oxygen is the major electron acceptor of _________

Oxidative Phosphorylation

NO3-, SO4-2, CO2 can be _________ in some bacteria

Electron Acceptors

RNA Synthesis is called ________ and DNA is the template

Transcription

Protein synthesis is called ________ and mRNA is the template

Translation

DNA synthesis is called _______ and DNA is the template

Replication

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Transcriptase

RNA-Dependent DNA polymerase

Reverse Transcriptase

Transcription requirements

DNA template, RNA polymerase with sigma factor (dont have to have but increases efficiency)

Polycistronic

Codes for more than one peptide

Operons

Cluster of genes that contain a promoter and more than one protein gene that is transcribed as a unit (all of none made)

Inducible Operons-

Must be activated by inducers like Lactose operon

Repressible operons

Transcribed continually until deactivated by repressers like Tryptophan Operon

mRNA contains sequences of codons that code for _________ in a peptide

Amino Acids

AUG is the ________ codon

Start

Peptidyl Transferase-

Forms peptide bond

Translocase-

Moves to next codon

Translation occurs at _____ Amino Acids/sec

Translation occurs from _________ direction

5' to 3'

Proteins are made as soon as ribosomes bind ________

5' end of mRNA

Quorom Sensing-

Biofilm communication method that is mediated through Agr proteins.

DNA replication is ________

Semiconservative

DNA replication requires-

Topoisomerases, Helicase, DNA binding proteins, primosome or primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, and DNA ligase

DNA replication requires around _________ minutes to complete

Once DNA synthesis is initiated it is completed even if ________

Nutrients are depleted

Helicase-

Breaks the DNA apart

Primase-

Primes the DNA to synthesize RNA at 5' end

DNA polymerase III and I

Primary DNA pilymerase that adds on nucleotides

Topoisomerases-

Precede the replication fork and unwind the DNA to relax tension

Replication occurs at the ________

Replication fork

origin of replication-

Where the Replication process begins

Bacterial DNA replication is __________

Bidirectional (occur at both the leading and lagging strand)

Lag phase of bacterial growth-

Adapting to the medium

Exponential or Log Phase of Bacterial Growth

Cells dividing at constant rate. 2^n where n is the number of generations. (Approx. 30 minute generation times)

Stationary phase of bacterial growth

Low nutrients or oxygen or increase in toxin. Plateau in graph

Decline phase of bacterial growth

Death and Lysis, some cells may survive

Bacterial cell growth can be measured in fluid by ________

Optical density measurements of turbidity

Substitution Mutations- Transitions

(pur->pur or Pyr->pyr)

Substitution Mutations- Transversions

(pur->pyr or pyr->pur)

Silent Mutation-

No change in amino acid

Missense and conservative point mutations-

Change 1 amino acid and protein is still functional. Does effect ability of protein

Nonsense Mutation-

Stop Codon

Frameshift Mutation-

Insertion or deletion . VERY SEVERE!

Null or lethal mutation-

Non-functional Protein

Spontaneous mutation-

Polymerase mistakes

Mutagens and Nucleotide analogs-

Substitution of nucleotides

Direct DNA repair-

T-T or altered base repair such as with photolyase

Excision Repair-

Segment removed and replaced

Post replication repair-

Recombination when both strands are damaged. Rare.

SOS response-

15 genes induced

Error prone repair-

Rapid effort to replace damaged sequences with random pieces of DNA before cell dies

Transformation-

Released dsDNA or plasmids taken up by bacteria

Transduction-

Use of bacteriophages to inject genetic sequences into bacterial genome

Transformation is natural in ________

B. Subtilis, H. Influenza, N. gonorrhea, S. pneumoniae

Chemicals and electricity can enhance _______

Transformation

_________ transfer the DNA into the bacteria in transformation

Plasmid

Plasmids can carry _________

Abx resistance genes, Toxin genes, enzymes, etc

Plasmids are self-_______

Replicating

Conjugation-

Sexual genetic transfer by use of a sex pilus and F plasmid

Transposition

Have transposable elements called transposons that are mobile within the cell. These transfer one DNA molecule to another such as nucleoid to plasmid, plasmid to nucleoid, etc

F factor codes for ______

Fertility factor

Hfr-

High frequency recombination

Pathogenicity Islands-

Transposons with virulence genes

Transposons contain-

A central-region coding for resistance or toxin flanked by two insertion sequences for the genomic DNA

Competant Cells-

Have been treated to take up plasmids very readily. Treated with salts usually

mm pp 6 Flashcards

(89 cards)