Med Micro Exam 2 > mm pp 5 > Flashcards

mm pp 5 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Prokaryotes include-

A

Bacteria and Blue green algae

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2
Q

Size of Prokaroytes

A

1-2 micrometers

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3
Q

Nucleoid

A

Circular dsDNA genome

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4
Q

Plasmid

A

Cytoplasmic Mobile Circular dsDNA

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

A

30S + 60S -> 80S

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6
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondrial DNA in humans is similar to ancestral prokaryotes and is believed to be derived from them based on RNA analysis

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7
Q

Bacterial Cell Shapes

A

Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillium, Spirochete

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8
Q

Gram + Stain color

A

Purple

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9
Q

Gram - stain color

A

Pink

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10
Q

Gram stains become unreliable for _________

A

Old cultures

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11
Q

Phenotypic Classification of Bacteria

A

Macroscopic Morphology, Microscopic morphology, Nucleic Acid Sequence analysis, Plasmid analysis, Ribotyping (main method of typing bacteria), Serotyping

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12
Q

Peptidoglycan Layer-

A

Rigid Murein or Mucopeptide layer that is approximately 150-500 Angstroms thick. Meant for protection and is very porous.

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13
Q

Archaea have __________ instead of peptidoglycan

A

Pseudomureins, or pseudoglycans

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14
Q

Mycoplasmas and chlamydia ___________

A

Do not have peptidoglycan

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15
Q

_______________ is linked to the peptidoglycan

A

Teichoic Acid Cross links

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16
Q

____________ acids are anchored in the plasma membrane (Connect membrane with the teichoic acids)

A

Lipoteichoic acids

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17
Q

Protoplast-

A

Have no cell wall

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18
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of __________

A

NAG, NAM, tetrapeptide, and peptide crosslinkages

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19
Q

NAG is __________

A

N-Acetyl-glucosamine

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20
Q

NAM is ___________

A

N-acetyl muramic acid

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21
Q

Peptidoglycan NAG and NAM are bound by ___________

A

Beta-1.4-glycosidic bonds

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22
Q

Peptidoglycan B-1,4-glycosidic bonds are broken by what 3 chemicals?

A

Lysozyme, Autolysins, and Endolysins

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23
Q

Bonds between D-Alanine, D-Alanine are broken to allow for _________

A

Cross-linking

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24
Q

Transglycosylases

A

Attach NAG-NAM peptide to existing molecule of peptidoglycan

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25
Transpeptidases
Used for cross linking
26
DD-Craboxypeptidases
Removes terminal D-Alanine from another D-Alanine
27
Transpeptidation (process by which transpeptidases form crosslinkage) is inhibited by ___________
Penicillin (Penecillin-binding proteins)
28
Modified Teichoic Acids-
Modified Ribotol, and Modified Glycerol, and other serotypes
29
Gram Positive Bacteria have larger ___________ layers than Gram Negative Bacteria with no _________
Peptidoglycan layers, with no Teichoic or Lipoteichoic acids
30
Spheroplast
No peptidoglycan
31
Penecillin acts as a __________ with a similar structure to D-Ala, D-Ala
Competitive Inhibitor
32
Periplasmic Space-
Layer between the Outer membrane and the Cytoplasmic membrane where many enzymes including lytic virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria (enzymes include hyaluronidase, proteases, collagenases, chemotaxins, Beta-Lactamases)
33
LPS-
Lipopolysaccharides which are endotoxins and can cause severe immune response
34
Outer membrane of Gram negative cells is present for ___________
Shape and protection. Contain Porins and LPS
35
Only molecules less than 700 daltons can pass through _________
porins
36
Lipoproteins-
Anchors outer membrane to cytoplasmic membrane at adhesion sites
37
Endotoxins activate ____________
Immune response, fever, and shock
38
LPS Components-
O antigens, Core Polysaccharide, Lipid A
39
O antigen is ________
Antigen on the outside portion of LPS with different serotypes. (E.Coli O157- O stands for the serotype of the Ag)
40
Lipid A is composed of
P-Glucosamine with fatty acid endotoxin activity
41
Mycobacteria contain different _______ and ________ in their peptidoglycan
sugars and mycolic acid
42
Polar Flagella-
Bacteria with Flagella on one particular side of the bacteria
43
Monotrichous Flagella-
1 polar flagella
44
Lophotrichous Flagella-
Tuft of polar flagella
45
Amphitrichous Flagella-
Bipolar (one on each end) flagella
46
Peritrichous-
FLAGELLA EVERYWHERE!!!!
47
Basal Bodies of flagella are more complex in ___________
Gram Negative bacteria
48
Flagella Size-
15-20 nm
49
H in strain name such as O157:H7 stands for ________
Flagella number
50
Bacteria with flagella move with ________
Runs and tumbles (Tumbles less frequent in good environment)
51
More protein rings in flagella structure means it is more ________
elaborate
52
Fimbriae
Smaller attachment to bacteria (3-8nm in diameter)
53
Pili-
Used in conjugation and are made of pilin
54
Conjugation-
Type of sexual genetic transfer between bacterial species using pili
55
Glycocalyces-
Gelatinous, Sticky substances surrounding the outside of the cell
56
glycocalyces are composed of _______ and ________
Polysaccharides or polypeptides (or both)
57
Two types of glycocalyces-
Capsule and Slime layer
58
Slime Layer-
For biofilms and are not virulent (Example include S Mutans on teeth)
59
Septum in cell division forms at ________
Point where filament ring is around cell
60
Cell division requires special transpeptidases to _______
Break the cell wall and synthesize molecules at a higher rate
61
Incomplete cleavage of the cell wall influences ___________
Cell arrangements such as chains, clusters, and tetrads
62
Mesosome-
Coil of Plasma membrane or invagination that is used as an anchor for DNA during cell division
63
Cytoplasmic Storage Granules include-
Poly Beta hydroxy butyric acid, polymers of glucose called dextran, sulfur, iron deposits, and metachromatic granules
64
Sprogenesis-
Formation of spores in harsh environments to allow for survival
65
Environments that Cause spore formation-
Low nutrients, heat, dryness
66
spores take _______ hours to form
6-8 hours
67
Size and location of spores are important in ___________
Identification of the species
68
Endospores contain ___________ inside
Nucleoid, proteins, ribosomes, and high concentrations of dipicolinic acid with calcium ions
69
Endospores have a ________ on the outside
Protein coat like keratin and a spore wall made of peptidoglycan
70
Endospores can survive for _____________ time
decades or even centuries
71
Germination (formation of viable cell) of the spore requires____________
Water and nutrients in about 90 minutes approximately depending on the species

Med Micro Exam 2 (4 decks)

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