mm pp 8 staph

Question 1

Staphylococcus is gram _______

Answer 1

Positive

Question 2

Staph is catalase ________

Answer 2

Positive

Question 3

Staph is salt-_________

Answer 3

tolerant (10% NaCl for S. aureus)

Question 4

Staphyloccocus Size

Answer 4

0.5-1.5 micrometers

Question 5

Shape of Staph

Answer 5

Bunch of grapes bunched together

Question 6

_________ is ubquitous and non-motile

Answer 6

Staphylococcus

Question 7

Staphyloccus is facultative ________

Answer 7

Anaerobe

Question 8

Staphyloccus is opportunistic and can cause ________

Answer 8

septicemia in the system

Question 9

S.aureus is the only species of staph that infects humans that produces ________

Answer 9

Coagulase

Question 10

S. epidermis and other staph species are involved in _________

Answer 10

UTI’s, bacteremia, wounds, catherter expsures, etc

Question 11

Surface virulent factors of staph-

Answer 11

Capsule which protects from phagocytosis. Serotypes 5 and 7 cause the most infections. 11 capsule serotypes total

Question 12

Slime layers are made by ________

Answer 12

most staph species

Question 13

Staphylococcus peptidoglycan-

Answer 13

Has endotoxin like activity which ncreases endogenous pyrogns like IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-alpha)

Question 14

Staph peptidoglycan increases secretion of ________ and _______ from MNC’s

Answer 14

Complement and IL-1

Question 15

Staph peptidoglycan increases __________

Answer 15

Neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 16

PBP2a in staph species has low affinity for _________ which is encoded by the mecA gene of MRSA

Answer 16

Methicillin and related penecillin and cephalosporins

Question 17

Staph Teichoic acids are ________ of dry weight and bind specifically to fibrinonectin on mucosal membranes

Answer 17

30-50%

Question 18

MSCRAMM-

Answer 18

Microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules

Question 19

MSCRAMM include-

Answer 19

Protein A- on surface of S. aureus and binds Fc of IgG

Question 20

Staph toxins include-

Answer 20

Cytotoxins and hemolysins Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Gamma

Question 21

Hemolysin Alpha-

Answer 21

Beta hemolysis which disrupts membrane and forms pores. Causes tissue damage and is made by most strains

Question 22

Hemolysin Beta-

Answer 22

Sphingomyelinase C which degrades sphingomyelin in membranes and is made by most strains

Question 23

Hemolysin Delta-

Answer 23

Like a detergent it disrupts membranes and is made by most strains

Question 24

Hemolysin Gamma and PV leukocidin-

Answer 24

AB toxin that form pores in membranes. 6 toxins total which lyse PMN’s and macrophages

Question 25

Exfoliative toxins-

Answer 25

ETA and ETB serine proteases that cleave desmosomes; not cytolytic (SSSS in S. aureus)

Question 26

Enterotoxins- 18 total A-R

Answer 26

A is the most common and can survive 100 degrees celsius for 30 minutes as well as GI pH and enzymes. Causes cytokine storm and causes inflammation (A-Food poisoning by S. aureus)

Question 27

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)

Answer 27

S. aureus- Pyrogenic exotoxin and pretease resistant. Produced in neutral pH and high O2. Organ failure.

Question 28

Enzymes involved in Staph

Answer 28

Coagulase, Catalase, Hyaluronidase, Fibrinolysin, Lipases, nucleases, and penecillinases

Question 29

Coagulase-

Answer 29

In S. aureus. Turns fibrinogen into fibrin an causes the fibrin layer around abscess to localize and protect from immune system

Question 30

Catalase-

Answer 30

Turns Hydrogen Peroxide into Water and oxygen

Question 31

Fibrinolysin-

Answer 31

Dissolves fibrin clots

Question 32

Lipases-

Answer 32

Skin infection agent

Question 33

Penecillinases-

Answer 33

Helps to keep staph safe from penecillin

Question 34

15% of adults are carriers for S. aureus in their ________

Answer 34

nasopharyngeal cavity

Question 35

Scalded Skin syndrome-

Answer 35

Exfoliative toxin causing blisters, sloughing in infants. Can cause bullous impetigo. Has low mortality rates.

Question 36

Food poisoning-

Answer 36

Caused by heat stable enterotoxin produced in food. Very common. Enterotoxin A is in processed meat. C and D in milk products. Onset in 4-6 hours. Severe dietary and watery diarrhea 24 hours

Question 37

Enterocolitis-

Answer 37

After use of broad spectrum antibiotics on S. aureus

Question 38

TSST-1

Answer 38

Toxic Shock Syndrome causing fever, hypotension and a rapidly diffusing rash. Cause multiple organ failures.

Question 39

Impetigo-

Answer 39

Pus filled vesicles; rash

Question 40

Folliculitis-

Answer 40

Impetigo involving hair follicles

Question 41

Boils-

Answer 41

Large pus filled nodules; larger than folliculitis and are necrotic

Question 42

Carbuncles-

Answer 42

Furuncles extending into deeper subcutaneous tissue; cause fever and chills

Question 43

Bacteremia and endocarditis-

Answer 43

Systemic endothelial damage in heart

Question 44

Pneumonia-

Answer 44

Can be necrotizing with Toxic shock, occurs after aspiration

Question 45

Osteomyelitis-

Answer 45

Infection of bone

Question 46

Septic Arthritis-

Answer 46

Infected, red join with pus

Question 47

Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species

Answer 47

S. epidermis, S. lugdunensis, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolytica

Question 48

S. lugdunensis-

Answer 48

Causes heart valve infections

Question 49

50% of catheter and shunt infections can lead to ______

Answer 49

Sepsis slime layer can bind and protect

Question 50

UTI's are caused primarily by _______

Answer 50

S. saprophyticus

Question 51

MRSA treatment recommendation is ______ and ______

Answer 51

Methicillin and Oxacillin

Question 52

Allonoiococcus otitidis causes ___________

Answer 52

chronic middle ear infections and grows slowly