mm pp 7 Flashcards by Jenn Kirkpatrick

Humans provide _________ for microbes

Water, warmth, and food

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Virulent Bacteria

Cause disease; grow at the expense of the host

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Opportunistic Microbes-

Cause disease if conditions are available for growth and harm

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Strict pathogens Examples

Yersinia pestis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and salmonella typhi

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Infection-

Invasion of host by a pathogen

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Disease-

Only if the invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body. Also called morbidity

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Symptoms-

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

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Signs-

Objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others

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Syndrome-

Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

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Sepsis-

Systemic inflammation

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Portals of entry for disease-

Mouth, Scratch, Skin, Anus, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, respiratory tract, conjunctiva

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Transmission is limited after _________

death

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Virulence genes are often in ________ in the genome

Clusters called pathogenicity islands

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Transposons can be expressed in response to changes in ________

Environment

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Portal of entry for Cholera-

Fecal Oral Route

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Portal of entry for Botulism-

Ingestion

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Portal of entry for Tetanus-

Puncture

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Portal of entry for pneumococcus

Respiratory

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Portal of infection for Staphylococcus–

Ubiquitous

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Portal of entry for Yellow Fever-

Vector like Mosquitos

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Some microbes lose motility at ________

Particular temperatures (such as 37 degrees celsius)

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Yersinia pestis needs ________

Iron so that more diptheria toxin is produced

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Cholera toxin is produced ________ at pH 6 than at pH 8.5

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Adherence factor examples-

Pili and fimbriae- Bind carbs

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Degradative enzyme examples-

Callagenase, hyaluronidase, neurominidase, hemolysin

Capsules help to evade ________

Phagocytosis

Antibiotics are not able to pass through __________ which is a virulence factor

Porins

Some wall toxins such as teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid stimulate __________

Endotoxin-like responses

Toxins-

Bacterial products that cause harm to host

Effects of toxins-

Lyse cells, stimulate release of toxic compounds, increase production of cytokines

Endotoxins activate the __________

Immune response in many ways

Exotoxins-

Secreted preformed toxins that have rapid effects. (Exist in food suuch as S. Aureus, B. Cereus, and Botulinum)

Toxins made during the infection have a _________

Slower effect (Such as anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene)

Superantigens

Cause Cytokine storm. (Examples include TSST of S. Aureus, Erythrogenic toxin A and C of S. Pyrogenes

AB toxins-

B binds receptor on the cell surface while the A enters the cell and causes toxic effects. Causes protein synthesis of cell to cease.

Anthrax toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

B. anthracis, plasmid

Botullinum toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

C. botulinum; phage

Cholera toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

V. cholerae; chromosomal

Diptheria toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

C. diphtheriae; phage

Enterotoxins is a toxin from and its source is:

E. coli; plasmid

Pertussis toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

B. pertussis; chromosomal

Shiga toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

S. dysenteriae; chromosomal

Shigalike toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

Shigella and E. coli; phage

Tetanus toxin is a toxin from and its source is:

C. tetani; plasmid

Hemolysin is a toxin from and its source is:

E. coli; plasmid

Methods of evasion by Immune Response-

Block chemotaxis, evade phagocytosis by capsules, S. aureus walls off infection

Intracellular Bacterial pathogen that evade the immune response include:

Mycobacterium, Brucella, Rickettsiae, chlamydia, etc

Penecillin was found by ________

Alexander Flemming

Sulfanilimide-

Sulfa based drugs found by domagk

Streptomycin was found by ________

Waksman

Bacteriostatic-

Inhibits bacterial growth

Bactericidal-

Kills bacteria

Antibiotic combinations-

Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Can help to prevent emergence of resistance

Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Bind penecillin-binding proteins such as transpeptidases and carboxypeptidase

Betalactams are bactericidal for most _________

Gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Examples of beta lactams are:

Penecillin, cephalosporin, cephamycin, carbapenem, and monobactram

Different beta lactams differ in ____________

Spectrum, pH stability, absorption, and resistance (different R groups on the lactam ring)

Beta-lactam ring is an analog of _______

D--alanine, D-Alanine bond structure

Natural Penecillin-

Penecillin G, Penecillin V

Penecillin-resistant beta lactams-

Methicillin, oxacillin

Broad spectrum beta lactams-

Ampicillin, amoxicillin

Cephalosporium-

Broader spectrum than penicillins and not effected by penicillinases

Cephalexin (Keflex), cephalothin are used on _____________

Gram Positive E. coli, Klebsiella and proteus mirabilis

Cefactor, Cefuroxime are used on __________

Gram positive enterbacteria, citrobacter, and proteus species

Cefixime, cefotaxime are used on __________

gram positive and good against Ps

Cefepime, cefpirome are used on _______

Gram positive and some gram negative

Carbapenems-

used on aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and some gram negative rods

Monobactams-

Used on gram negative rods and are inneffective against gram positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria

Beta-Lactamases-

200+ enzymes that destroy beta lactam rings

4 classes of beta lactamases

Penicillinases, carbapenemases, cephalosporinases, and penicillinases

Vancomycin-

Inhibits cross-linking by binding D-ala, D-ala

Some strains of bacteria are naturally resistant to _________

Vancomycin (Such as all gram negative bacteria which are too large to pass through porins or bacteria with D-ala, Dlactate bonds)

Vancomycin is the last resort for ________

Gram positive infections like MRSA

mm pp 7 Flashcards

(73 cards)