mock mock mock Flashcards
Describe the structure of a neuron
Cell body, axon, nucleus, dendrites, cell membrane, node, axon terminal
State how many muscles, bones and joints we have in our body
206 bones
360 joints
600 muscles
Explain how does a body obtain energy for movement.
From carbohydrates, protein and fats
Describe how creatine as a supplement helps with creating ATP-CP
Creatine → increased intracellular creatine and PCr → PCr acts as energy buffer → protects ATP concentration → enhances performance
Explain what does it mean that some energy systems are aerobic and some are anaerobic.
Anaerobic – provides ATP without oxygen
Aerobic – provides ATP with oxygen
Explain what VO2max is and how can we improve the levels.
VO₂max = Max rate of oxygen uptake
Improve by high-intensity aerobic training
Explain what lactate threshold is
Exercise intensity where lactate accumulates in blood faster than it can be cleared
Describe what allows joints to move and what prevents them from overextending
Movement: muscles, tendons, cartilage, synovial fluid
Overextending: ligaments
Explain how does fight or flight reaction work
Blood redirected from digestion to muscles; adrenaline increases HR and breathing
Describe how and why oxygen consumption changes during maximal exercise vs rest
Oxygen consumption sharply increases to meet higher energy demands
Explain why do sports people train in higher altitude
Adapts body to low oxygen → increases RBCs and oxygen-carrying capacity
Describe the adaptations of cardiovascular system for the exercise
Stronger heart, lower resting HR, higher stroke volume, more capillaries, better oxygen delivery
Explain what positive feedback mechanism is
Response that amplifies stimulus (e.g., childbirth contractions)
Explain what negative feedback mechanism is
Response that reverses stimulus to maintain homeostasis (e.g., cooling body)
Describe the structure of a joint
Cartilage covers bones
synovial fluid lubricates
ligaments hold bones
tendons attach muscles
joint capsule surrounds
Describe the structure of a brain and state the main functions of each
Cerebrum – thinking/senses
Cerebellum – coordination
Brainstem – life functions
Diencephalon – homeostasis & relay
Pituitary – hormones
Explain how does our body detect and respond to mechanical stress through the nervous system
Mechanoreceptors detect stress → signal sent to brain → response via motor system (muscle contraction)
Explain the main task of endocrine system
Secretes hormones to maintain homeostasis; slower but long-lasting
Describe the main functions of macronutrients and how they get stored in the body
Carbs – energy, stored as glycogen
Fats – long-term energy, stored as fat
Protein – builds muscle, not stored
Explain briefly what gluconeogenesis is and how it connects to gaining weight.
Creation of glucose from protein/fat when carbs are low
excess → fat → weight gain
Explain what metabolism is and what types of metabolism are there
Metabolism = chemical processes
Anabolism – builds
Catabolism – breaks down
Describe the three types of muscles and what is specific for them
Skeletal – voluntary
Cardiac – heart/involuntary
Smooth – organs/involuntary
State what diseases of affluence are
Lifestyle diseases (e.g. obesity, heart disease) caused by poor diet and inactivity
Describe the structure of a bone
Epiphysis
diaphysis
compact (outer) bone
spongy (inner) bone
marrow makes blood cells
