Mod 1- Vitamin A

Question 1

What are the three active forms of Vitamin A in the body?

Answer 1

Retinol, Retinal (retinaldehyde), and Retinoic acid.

Question 2

What is the collective name for the active forms of Vitamin A?

Answer 2

Retinoids.

Question 3

What form of Vitamin A is derived from animal sources?

Answer 3

Retinoids.

Question 4

What form of Vitamin A is derived from plant sources?

Answer 4

Carotenoids.

Question 5

What are carotenoids?

Answer 5

Red and yellow pigments found in plants that can be converted to Vitamin A in the body.

Question 6

What are the top food sources of retinoids (animal-derived Vitamin A)?

Answer 6

Liver, liver oils, fish, milk, milk products, eggs, and butter.

Question 7

What form of Vitamin A comes from plants?

Answer 7

Carotenoids.

Question 8

Where are some carotenoids converted into retinoids (active Vitamin A)?

Answer 8

In the liver and small intestine.

Question 9

What are carotenoids that can be converted into active Vitamin A called?

Answer 9

Pro-vitamin A carotenoids.

Question 10

Name three pro-vitamin A carotenoids.

Answer 10

Beta-carotene, Alpha-carotene, Beta-cryptoxanthin.

Question 11

What are common food sources of beta-carotene?

Answer 11

Broccoli, spinach, dark green leafy vegetables, rock melon, carrots, sweet potato, pumpkin, and squash.

Question 12

Name four carotenoids that cannot be converted into Vitamin A.

Answer 12

Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Astaxanthin, Lycopene.

Question 13

What foods contain lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer 13

Green fruits and vegetables.

Question 14

What is astaxanthin and where is it found?

Answer 14

A red pigment found in fish, birds, and crustaceans.

Question 15

What foods are rich in lycopene?

Answer 15

Tomatoes and other red or pink fruits and vegetables.

Question 16

What role does retinal (a form of Vitamin A) play in the body?

Answer 16

Maintains the cornea and retina, supporting vision.

Question 17

What is the function of retinoic acid (a form of Vitamin A)?

Answer 17

Involved in protein synthesis and cell differentiation.

Question 18

What does retinol (a form of Vitamin A) support?

Answer 18

Reproduction, growth, and development.

Question 19

How does Vitamin A support the immune system?

Answer 19

By maintaining the health of epithelial cells (skin and mucous membranes).

Question 20

How does Vitamin A support cell development?

Answer 20

It promotes healthy cell growth and differentiation (cells developing into specific types).

Question 21

How does Vitamin A help in tissue building and repair?

Answer 21

By supporting protein synthesis.

Question 22

What body systems benefit from Vitamin A maintaining healthy mucus membranes?

Answer 22

“Urinary tract, Mouth, Stomach, Intestines, Lungs, Sinuses, Vagina”

Question 23

How does Vitamin A support reproduction and growth?

Answer 23

It plays a role in healthy sperm production in men and supports fetal growth and development during pregnancy in women.

Question 24

What role does retinol play in male reproduction?

Answer 24

It supports healthy sperm production.

Question 25

What role does retinol play in female reproduction?

Answer 25

It supports fetal growth and development during pregnancy.

Question 26

How does Vitamin A support bone health?

Answer 26

It helps in bone growth by assisting in bone remodeling.

Question 27

Why is bone remodeling important?

Answer 27

Because it is essential for bone growth.

Question 28

What is beta-carotene?

Answer 28

A precursor to Vitamin A that can be converted into active Vitamin A in the body.

Question 29

What protective role does beta-carotene play in the body?

Answer 29

It acts as an antioxidant and helps protect the eyes from light damage and age-related macular degeneration.

Question 30

Do beta-carotene supplements provide benefits according to clinical trials?

Answer 30

No, clinical trials show that beta-carotene supplements do not provide benefits.

Question 31

What risk is associated with beta-carotene supplements

Answer 31

especially in smokers?,They may increase the risk of death.

Question 32

From what sources can the body derive Vitamin A?

Answer 32

From various retinoids and carotenoids.

Question 33

How is Vitamin A intake measured?

Answer 33

In Retinol Equivalents (RE).

Question 34

What does 1 Retinol Equivalent (RE) equal in terms of retinol?

Answer 34

1 microgram (mcg) of retinol.

Question 35

What does 1 Retinol Equivalent (RE) equal in terms of supplemental beta-carotene?

Answer 35

2 micrograms (mcg) of supplemental beta-carotene.

Question 36

What does 1 Retinol Equivalent (RE) equal in terms of dietary beta-carotene?

Answer 36

6 micrograms (mcg) of dietary beta-carotene.

Question 37

What does 1 Retinol Equivalent (RE) equal in terms of other pro-vitamin A carotenoids?

Answer 37

12 micrograms (mcg) of other pro-vitamin A carotenoids.

Question 38

How much Vitamin A (RE) is in 100ml of full-fat dairy milk?

Answer 38

53 mcg RE per 100g serve.

Question 39

How much Vitamin A (RE) is in one chicken egg?

Answer 39

157 mcg RE per 100g serve.

Question 40

How much Vitamin A (RE) is in 100g of beef muscle meat?

Answer 40

1–2 mcg RE per 100g serve.

Question 41

How much Vitamin A (RE) is in 100g of beef liver?

Answer 41

13,877 mcg RE per 100g serve.

Question 42

How much Vitamin A (RE) is in 100g of raw carrot?

Answer 42

1316 mcg RE per 100g serve.

Question 43

How much Vitamin A (RE) is in 100g of raw apricot?

Answer 43

60 mcg RE per 100g serve.

Question 44

What is the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) of Vitamin A for adult men (19+ years)?

Answer 44

900 mcg RE per day.

Question 45

What is the upper limit for Vitamin A intake for adult men?

Answer 45

3000 mcg RE per day (3000 IU).

Question 46

What is the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) of Vitamin A for adult women (19+ years)?

Answer 46

700 mcg RE per day.

Question 47

What is the upper limit for Vitamin A intake for adult women?

Answer 47

3000 mcg RE per day (2330 IU).

Question 48

Where is most Vitamin A stored in the body?

Answer 48

In the liver (90% stored there).

Question 49

How long can Vitamin A stores in the liver supply the body?

Answer 49

Adequate supply for several months.

Question 50

What is hypovitaminosis A?

Answer 50

A health condition caused by insufficient Vitamin A in the body.

Question 51

What major body functions are affected by Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 51

Vision, immune function, skin health, and mucus membrane integrity.

Question 52

How common is Vitamin A deficiency globally?

Answer 52

It is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies worldwide.

Question 53

What is night blindness?

Answer 53

Difficulty seeing in dim light, a key symptom of Vitamin A deficiency.

Question 54

What is xerophthalmia?

Answer 54

Severe dryness of the eyes that can lead to blindness.

Question 55

What can corneal dryness

Answer 55

softening, and degeneration cause?,Permanent vision loss.

Question 56

How does Vitamin A deficiency affect the immune system?

Answer 56

It impairs immune function, increasing the risk of infections.

Question 57

What is hyperkeratosis?

Answer 57

Thick, dry, rough, and scaly skin associated with Vitamin A deficiency.

Question 58

What is keratinisation in Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 58

Abnormal hardening of cells, especially in the skin.

Question 59

How does Vitamin A deficiency affect mucus production?

Answer 59

It impairs mucus production, affecting the lungs, gut, urinary tract, and more.

Question 60

What is the risk of taking high doses of Vitamin A (10

Answer 60

000 IU+/day) early in pregnancy?,It causes the greatest risk of birth defects, especially if taken before the 7th week of pregnancy.

Question 61

Why are Vitamin A supplements avoided in the first trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 61

Because of the risk of toxicity and birth defects unless a deficiency is diagnosed.

Question 62

How does high Vitamin A intake affect bones?

Answer 62

It weakens bones by reducing bone-building activity, increasing bone remodeling, and decreasing Vitamin D activity, raising the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.

Question 63

What is hypervitaminosis A?

Answer 63

A condition caused by Vitamin A toxicity, usually from excessive intake.

Question 64

Why can beta-carotene supplements be harmful?

Answer 64

Excess beta-carotene acts as a pro-oxidant, promoting cell damage and destroying Vitamin A, especially in smokers and people who consume alcohol.

Question 65

Why is Vitamin A considered teratogenic?

Answer 65

Excessive Vitamin A can kill cells in the spinal cord, increasing the risk of birth defects like cleft palate and spina bifida.