Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHAR 100 > Mod 5 > Flashcards

Mod 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Selecting Appropriate OTC Drug

A

1) Proven Efficacy and Known Toxicity
2) Simple Formulations and Ingredients
3) Brand vs Generic (generics are usually just as effective as brand name)
4) Appropriate and Effective Dose (ex. Liquid for children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Common OTC Drugs

I am doing drugs cause sleep levels are hella small

A
  1. Internal Analgesics
  2. Antihistamines
  3. Durgs for Excess Stomach Acid
  4. Decongestants
  5. Cough Suppressants
  6. Sleeping Aids
  7. Laxatives
  8. Antidiarrheals
  9. Hydrocortisone Cream
  10. Sunscreens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Internal Analgesics

A
  • Tylenol (acetaminophen)
  • Aspirn (acetylsalicylic acid)
  • Advil/Ibuprofen (NSAIDS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Analgesic

A

relieve pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antipyretic

A

relieve fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inflammation

A

Anti Inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aspirn (acetylsalicylic acid) uses

A

-Relieves pain (analgesic)
-Fever (antipyretic)
-Inflammation (anti-inflammatory)
-Prevent stroke & heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aspirn (acetylsalicylic acid) Adverse effects

A
  1. Gastric Irritation
  2. Tinnitus (Ringing in ears)
  3. Reye’s Syndrome (affects CNS)
  4. Allergic Reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tylenol (acetoaminphen) uses

A

-Analgesic
-Antipyretic
-NOT inflammation effective

Drug of Choice when ASA causes gastric irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tylenol (acetoaminphen) adverse effects

A

Liver injury and toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Advil/Ibuprofen (NSAIDS) Use

A

-Analgesic
-Antipyretic
-Anti-inflammatory

Most effective OTC anti-inflammatory agent available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Advil/Ibuprofen (NSAIDS) Adverse Effects

A
  1. Gastric Irritation
  2. Skin Rash
  3. Dizziness
  4. Blurred vision
  5. Fluid Retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Antihistamines

A

treatment of allergy symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antihistamines gen agents

A

1st gen agent: Cause sedation & drowsiness (e.g. diphenhydramine)
2nd gen agent: Less sedating, thus preferred agents (e.g. cetirizine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Drugs for Excess Stomach Acid Classes

A

1) Antacids
Chemically neutralize acid in stomach
2) H2 Inhibitors
Target acid secretion in stomach
3) Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Target acid secretion in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antacids
(Class for excess stomach acid drug)

A

Hold the pH of gastric contents at about 4

NEUTRALIZE gastric acid by an acid-base chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antacids

A

Systemic: Given orally & absorbed by GI tracts (ex. Tums/Calcium carbonate)

Non-Systemic: Given orally & NOT absorbed, thus no systemic alkalosis (ex. Aluminum hydroxide)
Coats mucosal lining to protect it from acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

H2 Receptor Antagonists

A

Without receptor: When histamine receptors (H2) are activated → proton pump on → acid secretion increased

With receptor: Block H2 receptors and reduce the amount of acid secreted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitor

A

Permanently bind to proton pump, inhibiting acid secretion by 90%+

Most effective for suppressing acid secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Decongestants

A

Constrict blood vessel → prevent accumulation of fluid → reduce congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Decongestants adverse effects

A

Irritation, chronic rhinitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cough Suppressants

A

Involve signals from bronchioles
Processed by cough centre in medulla of brain

1) Centrally-Acting Cough Suppressants
block processing of info to brain
2)Peripheral Cough Suppressants
block enrves ending in throat and bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sleeping Aids

A

Hormone plays a role in the body’s internal sleep-wake cycle

Ex. Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Laxatives

A

Relieves constipation
Increase gut motility or hydration of stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Laxatives Types
**1) Stimulant** Increate intestine motor & secretion activity **2) Bulk-Forming Laxatives** Swell in water to keep stool soft **3) Osmotic Laxatives** draw water into stool to soften
26
Antidiarrheal Agents | do not use if you have fever
1) **absorbents** at bulk to GI tract & absorb toxin 2) **loperamide** synthetic opiods penetrate CNS
27
Hydrocortisone Cream
topical anti-inflammatory agent | ex. for poison ivy, poison oak, insect bite
28
Sunscreens
reduce skin cancer risk Chemicals: avobenzone and octisalate Physical: titanium dioxide and zinc oxide
29
Other Drug Interactions with OTC Preparations
ASA (prevent platlet adhesion) & Oral Anticoagulants (blood thinners)
30
Herbal Drugs Classification
**1) Allopathic Medicine** Drugs used for MAINSTREAM MEDICINE **2) Herbal Medicine** Plant products with NO DIN, lack phase 3 trial, and are unpurified **3) Phytopharmaceutical** Drugs from plants that are purified, tested therapeutic dose for efficacy/toxicity **4) Allopathic Phytopharmaceuticals** Drugs from plants that are purified, have DIN and full testing for safety/efficacy
31
Issues Associated with Herbals
* Lack of Efficacy & Safety Data (lack of randomized controlled trials) * Interpreting the Literature (often overstates efficacy of herbal) * Lack of Standardization (quality control for purity and content) * Intentional Adulteration (Add substances other than herbal in herbals marketed pure) * Differing Global Standards * Dug Interactions with Allopathic Medicines
32
Herbal Drugs Examples
* St. John’s Wort * Aloe Vera * Devil’s Claw * Panax Ginseng * Echinacea * Valerian
33
St. John’s Wort function
mild/moderate depression heal wounds
34
St. John’s Wort toxicities
-Phototoxicity -agitation, fever, sweat, muscle spasms
35
Aloe Vera function
For cold sores and minor skin irritations
36
Aloe Vera toxities
severe diarrhea when injested
37
Devils Claw function
osteoarthritis and back pain Migraines, kidney disease, inflammation
38
Devils Claw toxicities
Diarrhea
39
Panax Ginseng function
thinking and memory, multiple-sclerosis related fatigue erectile dysfunciton, sexual arousal reduce blood sugar of diabetic person | dont take wiht insulin
40
Panax Ginseng toxicities
high blood pressure, bleeding
41
Echinacea function
For common cold, wound healing, anti inflammatory agent
42
Echinacea toxicities
allergy rxn
43
Valerian function
Treatment of nervous tension and panic attacks
44
Valerian toxicity
*liver *impair motor veichle operation ability
45
What vitamin are made in body
D and K
46
Classifications of Vitamins
1. **Water-Soluble** (Vitamin C and eleven vitamins in the B group) 2. **Fat-Soluble** (Vitamins A, D, E, and K)
47
Use of vitamins as supplements for
1) increased nutrition 2) absorption disturbances 3) inadequate nutritional intake
48
Vitamin Types
* Vitamin A * Vitamin D * Vitamin E * Vitamin B12 * Vitamin C
49
Vitamin A food sources
Only in animal products (liver, milk fat, egg yolk) Pro-vitamin A: Carotene in carrots
50
Vitamin A functions
Growth and development for: mucous membranes & epithelial cells, and rhodopsin (night vision)
51
Vitamin A therapeutic uses
Used during periods of increased requirement: infancy, pregnancy, lactation ## Footnote Treat acne & skin diseases (psoriasis & skin cancer)
52
Vitamin A deficiency
1) Delay of growth and development 2) Impaired vision (night blindness and dry eyes) 3) Changes in lung bronchiole cells that increase the risk of respiratory infections 4) Skin that becomes dry, thick, and rough
53
Vitamin A excessive intake
Dry itchy skin Vomiting Headache Enlarged liver & spleen
54
Vitamin D food sources
In meat, fish, and mushrooms Fortifies mushrooms
55
Vitamin D functions
Increases calcium absorption and phosphate from the intestine → new bone formation Regulates blood calcium levels Removes calcium from older bones
56
Vitamin D therapeutic uses
Prevents osteoporosis
57
Vitamin D deficiency
Decreased absorption of calcium and phosphate from intestine → decrease blood calcium levels Removes calcium from bone → defective bone growth
58
Vitamin D excessive intake
Elevated calcium levels in blood → deposits into tissues (Ex. kidney, heart, lungs, blood vessels, skin) & fetus suffers Excess calcium bone removal → fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and impaired kidney function
59
Vitamin E food sources
Natural tocopherols in vegetable oils and green leafy vegetables
60
Vitamin E functions
Antioxidant Protects cells in cardiovascular system
61
Vitamin E therapeutic uses
Treats premature babies with uncommon hemolytic anemia ## Footnote Rare
62
Vitamin E deficiency
Due to malabsorption syndrome (Crohn’s disease)
63
Vitamin B12 food sources
Contains Folate (natural) or folic acid (synthetic) Meat and dairy Ex. green vegetables, liver, and yeast
64
Vitamin B12 functions
Synthesis of red blood cells
65
Vitamin B12 deficiency
B12 absorption decreases with age → elderly, pregnant women increase intake Alcohol misuse or malabsorption syndromes cause deficiency Pernicious anemia: B12 can't be absorbed
66
Vitamin B12 excessive intake
No toxic effects Can mask undiagnosed pernicious anemia → delay treatment
67
Vitamin C food sources
Fruits & vegetables
68
Vitamin C functions
Holds cells together Forms bone and teeth Antioxidant Absorbs iron
69
Vitamin C therapeutic uses
Prevents/treats scurvy
70
Vitamin C deficiency
Can cause scurvy Symptoms: weakness, bruising, anemia, loose teeth, & bleeding gums
71
Vitamin C excessive intake
Causes diarrhea, formation of kidney stones, & rebound scurvy
72
What are food additives?
Substances added to food to improve appearance, texture, and storage. Can also be added during processing or improve nutrition.
73
What are the two classes of food additives?
Intentional and unintentional (contaminants).
74
What are intentional food additives?
Added to food to improve appearance, texture, and storage. ## Footnote Examples include vitamins, minerals, flavours, colours, preservatives, and texture agents.
75
What are unintentional food additives?
Added inadvertently due to growing, manufacturing, and storage processes of food. ## Footnote Examples include fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals, and biohazardous contamination.
76
What is the basis for assessing toxicity of food additives?
Exposure is made based on a lifetime of exposure.
77
What is the assumption of risk in toxicity assessment?
Researchers determine the highest dose in animals that shows no adverse effects, and the acceptable human dose is then set at 1/100 or 1/1000 of that level.
78
What is a carcinogen?
A substance that can lead to cancer.
79
What is the rationale for using food additives?
To enhance or maintain the quality or acceptability of food.
80
What factors are considered in the use of food additives?
Function, quantity, purity, toxicological evaluation, and special groups.
81
What are common types of food additives?
Flavouring, colours, texture agents, preservatives, and sweeteners.
82
What is a notable effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG)?
Causes tightening of face and neck muscles, leading to nausea, headache, and giddiness.
83
What can organic dyestuffs cause?
Allergic reactions or cancer. ## Footnote Example: Tartrazine (yellow food colouring) is common in those allergic to aspirin.
84
What are texture agents used for?
Added to products at a concentration of 1-3%, with little to no toxicity. ## Footnote Examples include silicates added to flour and emulsifying/thickening agents like gum and agar in frozen foods.
85
What are antibacterial preservatives?
Substances that inhibit bacterial growth. ## Footnote Examples include smoke (preserves meat), antibiotics, and sodium nitrite.
86
What do antioxidants do?
Prevent oxidation and discolouration, improving storage, but can cause liver damage. ## Footnote Examples include water-soluble antioxidants (ascorbic and citric acid) and lipid-soluble antioxidants (prevent fats from becoming rancid).
87
What is saccharin?
One of the first artificial sweeteners.
88
What is aspartame?
An artificial sweetener that replaced saccharin, with a safety threshold of 40mg/kg/day. ## Footnote Toxicity concern: those with phenylketonuria cannot tolerate phenylalanine (an amino acid in aspartame).
89
Vitamin E excessive intake
Inhibits platelet aggregation Contributes to anticoagulant effect of warfarin
90
Echinacea active ingredients
Echinacein (can stimulate T-lymphocytes), cichoric acid, caffeic acid

PHAR 100 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions