unit 4 hard stuff Flashcards
Tetracycline
adverse effects
- gastro
- teeth discoloured
- diminsihed bone growth
macrolides
adverse effects
- nausea
- vomit
- diarrhea
what is used if your allergic to penicillin
Macrolides
what are Sulfonamides & trimethoprim examples of
Antifolates (metabolic inhibitors_
what are Combination Antifolates used for
urinary tract, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract infection
Block folate metaboism by inhibiting PABA incorporation into dihydropteroic acid
MOA?
Sulfonamides
(antifolate- metabolic inhibitor)
Block folate metabolism by inhibiting dihydrofolic acid reductase
Trimethoprim
(antifolate- metabolic inhibitor)
How does an organism become resistant
1) uptake
2) target
3) inactivation
4) efflux pumps
Antifungal examples
1)Echinocandins
2)Imidazoles
Echinocandins
antifunal
Inhibit synthesis of component of cell wall → causes disruption of cell wall and fungal death
ex. micafungin, caspofungin
Imidazoles
antifungal
Inhibit fungal cytochrome P450 → inhibit ergosterol synthesis (which is critical for cell wall function and survival)
Ex. ketoconazole, fluconazole
Antiviral examples
1)Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
2)Acyclovir
Virus
only able to multiply within the living cells of other organisms (aniamls, plants, bacteria)
Antiviral purpose
treat infections ALREADY OCCURRING
vaccines are preventative measure
4 hormonal contraceptives
1) oral contraceptive
2) Depo-Provera
3) IUD
4) Transdermal patch
MOA Hormonal Contraceptive
1) Inihbit Hormone release (inhibit release of GnRH hormones –> pituitary doesnt relase FSH and LH –> inhibts ovultaion)
2) Progestins- inhibit sperm migration (alter secretion of endocervical gland to thick fluid)
3) Inhibit ovum implantation (endometrium dosesnt fully devlop)
Types of oral contraceptivevs
1 of 2 contraceptives that contain porgestin AND ESTROGEN
-fixed Combination (pills) (fixed estrogne and progesteron)
-multiphasic (oral) (fixed estrogen)
-progestin only pill
oral contraceptive moderate adverse effects
- edema (water retention)
- Breakthrough bleeding
- skin pigmentation increase
- Skin pigmentation increase (due to estrogen)
- Acne (due to progestin)
- Hirsutism (due to progestin)
- Increased vaginal and uterine infections
- Post-drug amenorrhea
oral contraceptive serious adverse effects
- Blood Clots (due to estrogen)
- Heart Attack (due to progestin) (greater risk if obese or smokes)
- Stroke (increases risk for cerebrovascular disease, especially if over 35)
- Hypertension (more prevalent in females over 35)
- Cancer (reduce endometrial and ovarian cancer risk)
Why are oral contraeptives taken
- Reduced risk of ovarian cysts.
- Reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
- Reduced incidence of ectopic pregnancy.
- Less iron deficiency anemia, as menstrual flow is reduced.
- Less acne and hirsutism
Depot
Slow-release formulation contraceptive injection
Injects progestin into intramuscularly every 3 months → provide contraceptive for same time
Depot adverse effects
- Breakthrough bleeding
- Alter plasma lipid profile
- Increase low & high-density lipoproteins → increase coronary vascular disease
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
- Implanted into uterus
- Most common types of IUD release levonorgestrel
- Can be effective for up to 8 years
- Useful if you want LONG-TERM, reversible contraception and estrogen isn’t recommended
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) adverse effects
- Heavy menstrual flow (resolve in a couple months)
- Pelvic discomfort
- Increased uterine infections
