MOD 5

Question 1

What affects arterial O2 content?

Answer 1

Hemoglobin (Hb) × Arterial Saturation (SaO2)

Question 2

Define preload

Answer 2

The ventricular filling volume at the end of diastole.

Question 3

Define afterload.

Answer 3

The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.

Question 4

What is contractility?

Answer 4

The heart muscle’s inherent ability to contract.

Question 5

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP) formula?

Answer 5

MAP = DBP + (1/3)(SBP – DBP)

Question 6

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

Answer 6

Stroke volume increases with increased end-diastolic volume.

Question 7

Name 3 short-term regulators of BP.

Answer 7

Baroreceptors, vasomotor center, chemoreceptors

Question 8

What system regulates long-term BP?

Answer 8

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question 9

Name the 4 types of shock.

Answer 9

Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, obstructive

Question 10

What does the ECG P wave represent?

Answer 10

Atrial depolarization

Question 11

What does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 11

Ventricular depolarization

Question 12

What does the T wave represent?

Answer 12

Ventricular repolarization

Question 13

What is myocardial ischemia?

Answer 13

Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

Question 14

Define coronary artery disease (CAD).

Answer 14

Atherosclerosis in coronary arteries causing reduced blood flow

Question 15

What is heart failure?

Answer 15

Inability of the heart to pump/fill effectively

Question 16

What causes unstable angina and MI?

Answer 16

Prolonged ischemia not immediately reversible (ACS)

Question 17

Why is it called a 12-lead ECG with only 10 leads?

Answer 17

Because 12 views (leads) are calculated from 10 physical electrodes.

Question 18

When should an ECG be performed?

Answer 18

Chest pain, SOB, fainting, pre-op, general unwellness

Question 19

What is the function of gap junctions in the heart?

Answer 19

Enable rapid electrical signal transmission between cells.

Question 20

What are common BP measurement errors?

Answer 20

Wrong cuff size, arm not supported, talking, clothing interference

Question 21

What are signs of right-sided heart failure in a vascular assessment?

Answer 21

Jugular vein distension, peripheral edema

Question 22

What is the correct sequence for cardiovascular physical assessment?

Answer 22

Hands & nails → Arms → Neck → Chest → Lower limbs

Question 23

What do you assess in the hands and nails during a cardiovascular exam?

Answer 23

Colour, warmth, movement, sensation, and capillary refill

Question 24

What are two key assessments to perform on the arms?

Answer 24

Palpate radial pulse for rate, rhythm, strength (RRS) and measure manual BP

Question 25

What do you inspect in the neck for cardiovascular signs?

Answer 25

Neck veins at 45°, jugular venous pressure (JVP) – look for distension or bulging

Question 26

What is assessed on the chest during a cardiovascular exam?

Answer 26

Auscultate apical heart sounds; listen for added sounds or murmurs