MOD 7 - COURSE 4 - PT 1 - DOSE ADMINISTRATION IV-IM Flashcards
1
Q
what needs to be considered when chosing routs of administrations
A
- available methods, techniciequs, species, chemcia and physical characteristics of substance, frequency of administration and object of experimemnet
- each route - characterisitcs - absorbance, bioavailability,, metabolism of substance
- pH, viscosity, concentrtion, sterility , pyrogenits, tocity and exsistance of haxadous susbtacne in drug
- pain and suffering of aniamls
2
Q
what is bioadvailaibiliity
A
- fraction of dose that reahced general circulation unchanged
3
Q
how id bioadvailability measured
A
- F - percentage so if all reaches circulation f=100%
4
Q
which has reduced bioadvailability enteral or parenteral
A
- enteral - reduced absorbance and reduced concentration fo drug before reach circulatory system
5
Q
what is enteral administrations
A
- oephoagus,s tomahc , small intestine and large intesitne GIt ract method of administration i.e. oral, sublingual, rectal
6
Q
what is parenteral adminsitration
A
- route ouside of GI tract i.e. IV, SC, IP - also topical and inhalation
- used for drugs = poor GI aborbance
7
Q
how is IV different from other parenetrel methods
A
- theothers have to cross at least 1 other membra e- so aborbative process = involved in administration and pharmacokinetic model
8
Q
What ADME
A
- Drug absr=orption, distribution, metabolism, eliminations - pharmacokinestic study over time
9
Q
list the routes of administration in order of absorbancy
A
- IV
- IP
- IM
- SC
- ID
- Enteral addministration
10
Q
what is IV method of drug administraition
A
- tournique - apply swelling to blood vessel - iv needed = inserted blood vessle - site should be disinfected -
- its given when fast absororption and distribution of compound around body = needed -
- can irritate tissue if given outside vessels - so IV :)
11
Q
what is the difference between bolous vs continous infusion
A
- bolous = substance given for~ 1 min - however it is limited by solubility and irritancy - may b e needed to inject substance over 5-10 mins - i.e. butterfly needles or IV cannula ro minimise posisbility of extravascular injection material
- continous infusion = volume and rate of infusion s= considered - should nto be more than 4ml/kg/hour
12
Q
whats the max volume for mouse and rats
A
- 5ml/kig bolus
- 20ml/kg continous infusions
13
Q
what neddles should be used for mouse or rats
A
- 25-30g mouse
- 23-27g rat
14
Q
is restrain reccomeneded for IV
A
- yes - movement can harm aniamsl
15
Q
- what can be done to improve vein visimibilit
A
heat - do not over heat
16
Q
where is the location of the lateral tail veins in rats and mice
A
laterral caudal vveins - to the sides of tail
17
Q
describe the procedure of IV
A
- restrain aniamsl
- place tail to be warmd
- hold aniamls with non dominatn hand - roate tail one quater of a degree - palce lateral tail vein at top of tIL
- START DISTALLY - middle or lower tail - approach tail at 30’ angle
- in injection = sucessful - vein = blancha dn fluid willl flow easily
- if unsuccessful - material = willnot move through the vein there will be resistance
- apply direct pressure to tail after injection
18
Q
what is the common vessesl injection site for mice and what is their IV fluid volume reccomednation
A
- tail vein
- sapgenous vein
- 5ml/kg
19
Q
what is the common vessesl injection site for rat and what is their IV fluid volume reccomednation
A
tail vein
- 5ml/kg
20
Q
what is the common vessesl injection site for guinea pig and what is their IV fluid volume reccomednation
A
metatarsal vein
saphenous vein
ear vein
5ml/kg
21
Q
what is the common vessesl injection site for hamsters and what is their IV fluid volume reccomednation
A
lateral saphenous (tarsal) vein
5ml/kg
22
Q
what is the common vessesl injection site for rabbit and what is their IV fluid volume reccomednation
A
ear vein, ear artery
- 10mg/kg
23
Q
what is the common vessesl injection site for dog and what is their IV fluid volume reccomednation
A
saphenous vein
cephalic vein
femoral vein
10-15ml
24
Q
what is the common vessesl injection site for cats and what is their IV fluid volume reccomednation
A
saphenous vein,
cepahlic vein
- femoral vein
2-5ml
25
whats a perivascular injection
- injection aroun the vesel not into it - if this happnes small swelling adjacent near vessel
26
how do you avoid acciental perivascular injection
- ensure animal = restrained and needle = fixed securely to syringe
- previous vasodilation fo fvessel = easier for injection
27
what can be a sife effect of an unstable formula of drug
- come out of olustion when injected
- cause thrombosis, lung oedema or emobilism
28
what can be the problem with administrating large volumes of fluid
- cause haemodilution, increase venous pressure, alter acid-base equilibrium ad diruese - may also cause pulmonary oedema
29
how can you avoid the side effects of injecting too much volume
- avoid increase blood volume by more than 4% or 5ml/kg for bolus injection
30
what is a IP injection
- large volumes of solubel substances i.e. anaestheticto small aniamals - need for rapid absorption injected into abdo cavity
31
what is a key risk of IP injections
- puncturing organs with needle
32
where is the appropriate site for IP injections
- lower quadrants, - liwer right quadrant (lack of important structuresi.e. bladder, caecum)
- also caecum can be on either side of anaimsl -70% of rats and mice = ceca is on their left - do foe in the right
33
how are the drugs administed via IP absorbed
- systemic and portal circulations
- portal circulation - carried through portal vein into liver before reaching rest of body, may be metabolised by hepatic enzymes -- reduce amount of active drug - reaching target organs/sysntem
34
what is the first pass effect
- reduction in bioadvailability of drug
35
describe the IP procedure
- restrain mouse using one handed restraint mehod
expose abdomen
- tilt head slightly down
- locate aniamls midline - metally divide abdomen into quadrants - using te stifles as reference point for the transverse plan
- insert needle at 30' angle towards head into lower right quadrant
- should sens e a pop as neede though skin - entering adbominal wall
36
what are some conditions of injecting rats IP
- useful for large volumes 10ml/kg
- needle 23-25g
- avoid low or high pH - can cause pain during/following injection
- if several injection are to be given then alternate sit of njecion ad consider alternative i.e. use of minipumps
37
why might repeated injection sbe needed
- injected volumes shouldnt exceed more than 10ml - 5ml preferably - so multiple injection sites = necessary for larger quanity - no more than 6 injection sites
- if multiple injections - use lating square system -a ccount for regional variations in skin thickness
38
what needle size and inkection volume should be used for mouse
- 25-27g
- 10-20ml/kg
39
what needle size and inkection volume should be used for rat
23-25g
- 10ml/kg
40
what needle size and inkection volume should be used for guinea pig
23-25g
10-15ml
41
what needle size and inkection volume should be used for hamster
23-25g
3-4 ml
42
what needle size and inkection volume should be used for rabbit
21-23g
5ml/kg
43
how many IP injections shold be given per day
1
44
whats an intramusclular injection used for
- testing vaccine
- administer anasethics
- sustain release foumla
45
where is acommon IM injection site for rodents
anterior aspect of thigh muscle
46
why is posteir muscle used less regularly
- scietic nerve lies posterior to femure - passess through muscle group
47
where are alternative sites fo IM injection for non rodent species
- epaxial msucules of rabbits - muscle lie doral to vertebral colum
- triceps - larger animal speciesthigh or pectoral muscle in birs
- doral musculatrue in fish
48
describe the procedure of giving IM infection
- restrain mouse - scruff restrain - position mouse - body = parallel to table in lateral position
- insert needle in caudal portion of muscle only 3mm deep - avoid puntcuring scietic nerve
- mentally diivide the thigh into cranial and causal helaves - insert neelde aiming hte caudal thigh at 45' angle
- inject fluid slowly and remove needle
49
what are some causes of pain from the IM injection
- muscle fibers - placed under tesnsion by injection fluid
- damaging nerves- incorrect placment of neelde - or reaction of substance admiistered
- self mutilation
- onlly us ethis route - if less pain alternative = impossible - avoid using IM injection for small rodents
50
what is the issue of uing irritating substances and injecting using IM method
- cause tissue necrosis at injection site -
51
why is having lagrge volume not possible for IM injection
- fluid injected - physcially distended mscule -c ausing swelling at injection sites - assocaite with damage and pain
- can use 2 injection sites, avoid for small rodents
52
what causes - experimental variation
- absorption can become erratic
53
what can cause absorption to become erratic
- substance - inadvertntly injeciton into blood vessel wihtin msucle or into fascial tissue rather than mscule mass
- solvent = absorbed faster causing drug precipertation
- aspitate syringe before injection - useful to avoid injecting into blood vessel - any movement of poitn of needle into msucle - may cause damage
- good technqieu and restrin = neccessay
= ensure formulation = sutable for IM injection
54
what is the fascia tissue
layer of connective tissue - surrounds group of muscle fibers
55
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for mice
27g
50ul/site
56
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for rat
25g
100ul
57
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for guinea pig
25g
100ul
58
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for hamster
25g
50ul
59
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for rabbit
25g
- 250ul
60
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for dog
21-23g
250g
61
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for cat
23g
250ul
62
what is the reccomeneded needle size and volume injection for macaque
23-25g
250ul
63
