MOD 7 - COURSE 5 - PT 1 - BLOOD COLLECTION Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
What are important site preparation - for blood collections
A
- important to maintian asepsis
- hair/skin debri = removed from site
- site = cleaned with warm water and disinfecttant i.e chlorhexidine
- then again with plain wayer - avoid contamination of sample
- impossible to be totally sterile
- topical application of anaesthetic creams - signicaly alleviate discomfort - assocaited with venipunture
2
Q
whats are criteria for determining collection site
A
- minimal effects on experimental parameters being examines
- easy access
- minimal efects on teh welfare of the animal
- keep ollection site consistent throughtou expeirment - avoid variable
3
Q
what are the reccomeneded blood collection site for mouse species
A
- saphenous vein, tail vein
4
Q
what are the reccomeneded blood collection site for rat species
A
- dorsal pedal vein, saphenous vein, rail vein
5
Q
what are the reccomeneded blood collection site for guinea pig species
A
metatarsal vein
6
Q
what are the reccomeneded blood collection site for hamster species
A
lateral saphenous tarsal vein
7
Q
what are important conditions to maintain blood sample appropriately
A
- quickkly and humanly collected - minimal tissue trauma adn blood turbulence
- place in tube with appropriate vol adn type o anticoagulant
- agitate immediately to mix blood with anticoagulant
- sore at 2-8’C
- stability of heamatological parameters over time = depenedednt on instrument and species
8
Q
what is the cause of a fasley pertained decreased RBC measurement
A
clotted sample
9
Q
what is the cause of a fasley pertained increased MCHC measurement
A
- undefulling blood collection tube
10
Q
what is the cause of a fasley pertained increased WBCmeasurement
A
platelt clumps counted as WBC
11
Q
what is the cause of a fasley pertained decreased platelets measurement
A
- difficult sample collections, platelets in clumps not counted in platelet count
12
Q
what is the cause of a fasley pertained prolonged clotting time measurement
A
- difficult sample collections
- excess anticoagulant for plasma volume
- improper samples handling
13
Q
what is a common problem with blood collection
A
- overt haemolysis - results from collection error - pink or red plasma
14
Q
ow can you limit hemolysis
A
- minimise tubeulence and hsear forces on RBC - during collections - use appropriate storage conditions
15
Q
name 3 examples of anticoagulents
A
- EDTA
- HEPARIN
- TRISODIUM CITRATE
16
Q
How does EDTA work as an anticoagulant
A
- inhibit thrombocyte aggregation due to free chelation fo free CA2+ ion
17
Q
what concentration does EDTA work at
A
1.5mg/ml
18
Q
what are some potential uses for EDTA
A
used for making blood cell count
19
Q
How does heparin work as an anticoagulant
A
- inhibtory activity of plasma proteins - antithrombin
20
Q
what concentration does heraprin work at
A
14-17U/ml
21
Q
what are some potential observations from using heparin
A
not for coagulation testing
- used foreletrolyte testing
-suitable for haematocrit determineation
- not for rabbit blood
22
Q
How does trisodium citrate work as an anticoagulant
A
- inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation due to chelation of free CA2+ ions
23
Q
what concentration does Trisodium citrate work at
A
3.8%
24
Q
what is trisodium citrate sued for
A
- coagulation testing
- preserve cellular consitituent, biochemical consitiuent and keep cell morpholgy
25
what are signs of acute blood loss
- is vol o fblood remoced - aniamls physiological compensatory mechanism unable to adjust to loss -hypovolaemic shock occurs:
- presents as :
- fast and weak or barely perceivable pulse
- pale dry mucous membrane
- col skins/ extremities
- restleness
- hyperventilation
- subnormal body temperatures
26
what are some signs of chronic blood loss
- pale mucous membranes of the conjunctiva or inside the mousth
- pale tounge gums, ears or footpads - if non pigmented
- exercide intolerance
- extreme repiraotyry rate when at rest
27
how can you monitor anisml - to make sure no chronic blood loss isues
haemoglobin level,
RBC count
reticulyte count
28
what are rats and mouses total blood volume
rats = 55ml/kg(16-29ml)
mice = 70ml/kg (1-2.4ml)
29
what volume = safe sampling for blood collection
- up to 10% of total blood volume - taken on a single occasion from a normal healthly animals
volume may be repeated after 3-4 weeks
30
what colume is safe for repeat bleeds
- maximum for 1% TBV can be removed every 24 hours - effects of stress, site chosen ad anaesthetic use - should be taken into account - may remove 15% TBS within a 4 week period
31
what is a measurable concnetration for demonstrating stress levles when given larger volumes of blood
- example elevated corticosterone concentration
- removal of more tham 20-25% of circulating colume usually produce clinical sings of hypovolaemia which can be precipitate cardiovascular failure
32
where can people find guide for volume and frequency of sample of blood
- often dictated by the porject licence
33
what physiological effect is caused by 10-15% blood loss
- blood volume - restored 24 hours
- normal lvels of erythrocytes and reticuloscytes up to 2 weeks
34
what physiological effect is caused by 15-20% blood loss
- elevated plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and corticose levels - compensate for decreased level of plasma glucose levels
35
what physiological effect is caused by 20-25% blood loss
- blood loss decreases the arterial blood pressures, cardiac output and O2 delivery to vital organs - leads to hypovolemai and cardiac failure
- msucle weakness, depressed mentationa nd cold exremeitites = also observed
36
what are some post procedureal care following blood collection
- immediately after blood collection, observed animal for signs of distress or anaemia - rapid breathing, pale colur of mucous membranes, depressed activity, muscle weakness
- observe anaimsl daily for another problem - scuh as local trauma , infection or irritation at the blood collection site
37
what syringes or needles used for multiple samples taken over short time
- fine gauge syringe used or butterfly needle or temporary cannular - used for multiple samples
38
what is teh tail vein blood sampling procedures
- lateral tail vessels = accessed for this sampling method
- mice between 50ul adn 0.2ml per sample, rat between 0.1 and 2ml per samples
- rat or mouse = restraint rigid plastic restraint tubes , duration of restraint = minimised
- tail = cleaned with antimicrobial soltions - wamr lukewarm water - will dolate the vessel prior to taking the sample
- apply finger pressure to tail - above withdrawl sites - aid dilation
- use fine gauge needle - and 1ml syringe
- start at distal end - approx - 1 third along the legnth form the tip moving towards ht ebase of the tail for multiple samples
- perivascular - is this occues - no blood presen in the bub of neelde - no blood will be withdrawn
- when widrawing the needle - light pressure - applied to ijection site - approx 30 s to aid heamostais prior to returning aniamal to its home cage
39
whats a cardiac puncture
- terminal anaesthesia - non recovery - procedure
- bulk collection of blood from chambers of heart and surrounding blood vessels
- performed on unsconsious aniamls - terminal anaesthesia - non recovery or euthansaia CO2 and appropriate confirmed emthod
40
how do yuo perform a a crdiac puncture
- place aniaml in dorsal recoment position
- use tuberculine syringe 25g needle - insert at 15-30'angle through the diaphragm - syringe - parallel to midline of the eaniaml
- direct needle towards the xiphoid process and medially towards the heart until the needle has been inserted up to the needle hub
- gently aspirate until blood appears in teh syringe
- immobilise the needle and continue to pull backwards until sufficient amount of blood = withdrawn (0.5ml-1ml)
- performed as teerminal non recovery - rpcoedures - i.e. induce and maintain genral anaesthetsia (by suitable agent an droute) , take blood sample and administer an overdose of anaesthetic agent - to kill animal - confirm death of aniaml by appropriate method
