Module 1

Question 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 1

first psychologist; introspection; structuralism

Question 2

Structuralism

Answer 2

attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind

Question 3

Introspection

Answer 3

someone examines their own conscious experience to break it into its component parts

Question 4

William James

Answer 4

natural selection; evolution; functionalism

Question 5

Functionalism

Answer 5

how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment; more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts

Question 6

Sigmund Freud

Answer 6

hysteria; neurosis; psychoanalytic theory

Question 7

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 7

focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences

Question 8

Gestalt psychology

Answer 8

although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception

Question 9

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 9

conditioned reflex; classical conditioning

Question 10

John Watson

Answer 10

behaviorism - shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior; learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the organism

Question 11

B.F. Skinner

Answer 11

behaviorism, reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior, operant conditioning chamber/Skinner box

Question 12

Humanism

Answer 12

emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Question 13

Abraham Maslow

Answer 13

humanism; hierarchy of needs: physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization

Question 14

Carl Rogers

Answer 14

humanism; client-centered therapy; 3 features of a therapist - unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

Question 15

Biopsychology

Answer 15

explores how our biology influences our behavior; how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior

Question 16

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 16

evolution based on natural selection to have the traits we have today

Question 17

Cognitive psychology

Answer 17

focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Question 18

Developmental psychology

Answer 18

study of development across a lifespan; focus on changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior, and other psychological attributes

Question 19

Object permanence

Answer 19

Jean Piaget; understanding that physical things continue to exist, even if they are hidden from us

Question 20

Personality psychology

Answer 20

focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

Question 21

Big 5 personality traits / 5 factor model

Answer 21

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 22

Social psychology

Answer 22

focuses on how we interact with and relate to others; differences in how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behaviors of others, prejudice, and attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts

Question 23

Stanley Milgram

Answer 23

social psychology; research study on how many participants would be willing to give lethal shocks to someone else; 2/3 of participants would

Question 24

Deductive reasoning

Answer 24

ideas are tested against the empirical world; begins with a generalization—one hypothesis—that is then used to reach logical conclusions about the real world

Question 25

Inductive reasoning

Answer 25

empirical observations lead to new ideas; formulate theories, which in turn generate hypotheses that are tested with deductive reasoning

Question 26

Strange Situation

Answer 26

Mary Ainsworth; caregivers bring their infants into a room filled with toys, a stranger comes into the room, the caregiver leaves the room, and the caregiver returns to the room

Question 27

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 27

a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

Question 28

Longitudinal research

Answer 28

a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time

Question 29

Cross-sectional research

Answer 29

compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

Question 30

Confounding variable

Answer 30

the variable that is the actual cause of 2 variables being correlated and not one causing the other

Question 31

Illusory correlations

Answer 31

occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exists

Question 32

Operational definition

Answer 32

description of how we will measure our variables

Question 33

Attrition

Answer 33

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

Question 34

Clinical or case study

Answer 34

observational research study focusing on one or a few people