module 1

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

the study of the function of the body

Question 3

complementarity of structure and function

Answer 3

function depends on structure, structure determines function

Question 4

levels of human structure from simplest to most complex

Answer 4

atoms, molecules and macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 5

atom

Answer 5

atoms are the building blocks of matter, smallest particle of an element

Question 6

molecules

Answer 6

atoms combine to form molecules

Question 7

macromolecules

Answer 7

molecules combine to form macromolecules

Question 8

organelles

Answer 8

molecules and macromolecules combine to form the components of cells such as organelle

Question 9

cells

Answer 9

organelles combine to form cells, structural unit of all living things, specialised to carry out particular functions

Question 10

nerve cells

Answer 10

specialised for electrical communication

Question 11

red blood cells

Answer 11

specialised for oxygen transport

Question 12

muscle cells

Answer 12

specialised for movement

Question 13

epithelial cells

Answer 13

specialised to form linings and covering

Question 14

tissues

Answer 14

group of cells that perform a specific function

Question 15

tissue types

Answer 15

epithelial tissue, connective, tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

Question 16

organ

Answer 16

different types of tissues grouped

Question 17

organism

Answer 17

organ systems are grouped to form an organism

Question 18

8 life functions that living things perform

Answer 18

maintaining boundaries, movement, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, digestion, excretion, growth

Question 19

5 survival needs

Answer 19

nutrients, water, oxygen, appropriate temperature, atmospheric pressure

Question 20

support and movement organ systems

Answer 20

integumentary system, muscular system, skeletal system

Question 21

environmental exchange organ systems

Answer 21

respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system

Question 22

control and regulation organ systems

Answer 22

nervous system, endocrine system

Question 23

fluids, transport and defence organ systems

Answer 23

cardiovascular system, lymphatic system

Question 24

continuity of life organ systems

Answer 24

reproductive system

Question 25

reproductive system function

Answer 25

continuity of life

Question 26

fluid, transport and defence

Answer 26

cardiovascular system, lymphatic system

Question 27

control and regulation organ system

Answer 27

nervous system, endocrine system

Question 28

continuity of life

Answer 28

reproductive system

Question 29

environmental exchange organ systems

Answer 29

respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system

Question 30

support and movement organ systems

Answer 30

integumentary system, muscular system, skeletal system

Question 31

what does the internal environment of the body consist of

Answer 31

cells, fluid

Question 32

fluid outside of body is called

Answer 32

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 33

fluid inside cells is called

Answer 33

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 34

body fluids are solutions consisting of

Answer 34

solution = solvent + solute(s)

Question 35

molecules are described what chemical formulas

Answer 35

molecular formula, structural formula

Question 36

cations

Answer 36

positive charge

Question 37

anions

Answer 37

negative charge

Question 38

electrolytes

Answer 38

electrically charged atoms or molecules in solution

Question 39

salts

Answer 39

ions other than H+

Question 40

acids

Answer 40

release H+ ions in solution, the concentration of H+ ions determines the acidity of the solution

Question 41

bases

Answer 41

ions that can bind H+ ions

Question 42

pH scale

Answer 42

is a way to measure the number of H+ ions in a solution

Question 43

pH of 7

Answer 43

neutral, equal amount of H+ and base ions

Question 44

below pH 7

Answer 44

acidic, contain more H+ ions than base ions

Question 45

above pH 7

Answer 45

basic, contain more base ions than H+ ions

Question 46

Low pH value

Answer 46

high H+ ion concentration

Question 47

High pH value

Answer 47

low H+ ion concentration

Question 48

normal pH range

Answer 48

7.35-7.45

Question 49

below 7.35

Answer 49

acidosis

Question 50

above 7.45

Answer 50

alkalosis

Question 51

buffer

Answer 51

a molecule that can bind or release free H+ ions to counter changes in pH and maintain the normal pH range

Question 52

organic molecules

Answer 52

contain both carbon and hydrogen

Question 53

inorganism molecules

Answer 53

do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Question 54

4 classes of organism macromolecules make our body

Answer 54

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 55

three types of carbohydrates

Answer 55

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 56

monosaccharides

Answer 56

small, soluble

Question 57

disaccharides

Answer 57

small, soluble

Question 58

polysaccharides

Answer 58

large, insoluble

Question 59

function of carbohydrates

Answer 59

provide energy for all cellular function

Question 60

three main kinds of lipids

Answer 60

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Question 61

triglycerides function

Answer 61

long term energy storage

Question 62

phospholipids

Answer 62

form all cell membranes, transport lipids in plasma

Question 63

4 types of steroids

Answer 63

cholesterol, hormones, vitamin D, bile

Question 64

cholesterol

Answer 64

essential component for all cell membranes

Question 65

hormones

Answer 65

control many physiological processes

Question 66

vitamin D

Answer 66

necessary for normal bone growth and function

Question 67

bile

Answer 67

aids in fat digestion and absorption

Question 68

what are the two classes of nucleic acids

Answer 68

DNA and RNA

Question 69

two fundamental role of DNA

Answer 69

self replication, instructions for building every protein

Question 70

role of RNA

Answer 70

carries out the orders for protein synthesis

Question 71

two proteins

Answer 71

fibrous proteins, globular proteins

Question 72

fibrous proteins

Answer 72

structural roles

Question 73

globular proteins

Answer 73

functional roles

Question 74

3 structural proteins of fibrous proteins

Answer 74

collagen, keratin, elastin

Question 75

collagen

Answer 75

strength of bones, tendons and ligaments

Question 76

keratin

Answer 76

substance of hair and nails, provides water resistance to skin

Question 77

elastin

Answer 77

provides flexibility in tendons, ligaments, skin

Question 78

globular function

Answer 78

transport, regulation, defence

Question 79

enzymes

Answer 79

biological catalyst

Question 80

synthesis reaction

Answer 80

atoms or small molecules are bonded together to form larger more complex molecules

Question 81

decomposition reactions

Answer 81

chemicals bonds are broken in large molecules resulting in smaller, less complex molecules or atoms

Question 82

exchange reactions

Answer 82

chemical bonds are both made and broken

Question 83

what does the ECF contain

Answer 83

interstitial fluid, plasma

Question 84

homeostasis definition

Answer 84

is a dynamic stable state, internal conditions can vary but they remain within narrow limits

Question 85

homeostatic control mechanisms

Answer 85

receptor, afferent pathway, control centre, efferent pathway, effector

Question 86

stimulus

Answer 86

produces change in variable

Question 87

receptor

Answer 87

detects change

Question 88

response

Answer 88

response of effector reeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns to homeostatic level

Question 89

nervous system characteristics

Answer 89

electrical, rapid, short, narrow

Question 90

endocrine system characteristics

Answer 90

chemical, slow, long, wide

Question 91

negative feedback

Answer 91

the response reduces the effect of a stimulus, returns to a variable to within the normal range, then turns off

Question 92

positive feedback

Answer 92

the response enhances the effect of the stimulus, keeps a variable outside the normal range and does not turn off

Question 93

erythrocytes

Answer 93

transport oxygen

Question 94

leukocytes

Answer 94

defence

Question 95

three functions of blood

Answer 95

distribution, regulation, protection

Question 96

distribution of

Answer 96

oxygen and nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones

Question 97

regulation of

Answer 97

pH, fluid volume, tempature

Question 98

protection

Answer 98

infection control, blood loss