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module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm

A

watery space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, composed of cytosol or ICF, contains the cellular organelles, contains dissolved proteins and nutrients

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2
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle, houses DNA, DNA contains instructions for the cell in particular protein synthesis

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3
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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4
Q

free ribosomes

A

floating in cytosol, produce proteins for use inside cell

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5
Q

free ribosomes

A

floating in cytosol, produce proteins for use inside cell

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6
Q

membrane bound ribosomes

A

attached to endoplasmic reticulum, produce proteins for export

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7
Q

endoplasmic reticulum functions

A

synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification

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8
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

studded with ribosomes, proteins produced by ribosomes on RER are packaged and exported out of cell

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9
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

no ribosomes attached, synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and steroid based hormones, involved in detoxification, storage of calcium ions

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10
Q

mitochondria

A

cellular respiration - releases energy in the form of ATP

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11
Q

golgi apparatus

A

traffic director, modify, concentrate and package proteins and lipids, form vesicles and distributes them

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12
Q

lysosomes

A

demolition crew, digest biological material, dispose bacteria, viruses and toxins, recycle molecules

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13
Q

selectively permeable

A

membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others

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14
Q

phospholipid molecule

A

head - hydrophilic, tail - hydrophobic

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15
Q

plasma membrane consists of

A

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

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16
Q

two plasma membrane proteins

A

peripheral proteins, integral proteins

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17
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attach loosely to integral proteins or float free

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18
Q

peripheral protein function

A

plasma membrane support

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19
Q

integral proteins

A

classified as channels or carriers for transport or substances

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20
Q

intergral proteins function

A

transport substances that need to pass through the plasma membrane but cannot pass through directly because they are water soluble or too large

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21
Q

two integral proteins it includes

A

carrier, channel

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22
Q

two channel proteins

A

leakage channels, gated channels

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23
Q

leakage channels

A

always open at both ends, Na and K

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24
Q

gated channels

A

open at one end and can open and close at the other end

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25
3 types of gated channels
voltage gated, mechanically gated, chemically gated
26
concentration
measure of the amount of a substance in an area
27
high concentration
means there are higher numbers of the substance compared to another area
28
concentration gradient
difference in concentration of a particular substance between 2 different areas
29
equilibrium
equal space between substances
30
diffusion
movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
31
factors that affect rate of movement
concentration gradient, size of substance, temperature
32
concentration gradient impact on rate of movement
the larger the concentration gradient the faster the substance will move
33
size of the substance
smaller substances move faster than larger substances
34
temperature impact on rate of movement
warmer environments increase the rate of movement
35
passive transport
requires no energy, substances move down concentration gradient
36
active transport
requires energy ATP, substance move up concentration gradient, includes primary active transport with Na/K ATPase pump
37
simple diffusion
unassisted transport of lipid soluble or very small substances across a plasma membrane, down its concentration gradient
38
facilitated diffusion
assisted transport of large or lipid insoluble substances, from an area of high concentration to low concentration, using an integral protein
39
osmosis
movement of water across the plasma membrane, move down concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration
40
active transport
substances need to move against their concentration gradient, uses carrier proteins called Na/K ATPase pump
41
tonicity
the ability of a solution to affect the shape of a cell by altering the cells internal water volume
42
isotonic
same concentration as the ICF for both, causes no change in cell volume or shape
43
hypertonic
solution has a higher concentration of impermeable solutes than the ICF, shrink (crenate)
44
hypotonic
solution has a lower concentration of impermeable solutes than the ICF, swell
45
resting membrane potential definition
potential energy that exists across the plasma membrane resulting from separating oppositely charged ions by the plasma membrane
46
no membrane potential
5 positive charges outside and 5 positive charges inside
47
membrane potential
if one positive ions moves from inside to the outside - 6 outside and 4 inside
48
in the ECF what ion has a higher concentration compared to the ICF
Na
49
in the ICF what ion has a higher concentration compared to the ECF
K
50
the plasma membrane contains more leakage channels of what type
K leakage channels
51
how is the resting membrane potential generated
generated mainly by the movement of K ions from ICF to ECF through K leakage channels in plasma membrane leaving the outside of plasma membrane positive relative to the negative inside
52
how is the resting membrane potential maintained
maintained by the active transport of ions using the career protein called the Na/K ATPase pump
53
location of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord and nerves
54
location of muscle tissue
bones, heart, smooth muscles
55
location of epithelial tissue
skin surface
56
location of connective tissue
bones, tendons, fat
57
nervous tissue function
transmits electrical signals to regulate and control body functions
58
muscle tissue function
specialised for contraction to allow movement
59
skeletal muscle function
voluntary skeletal movement
60
cardiac muscle function
involuntary and found in the heart
61
smooth muscle
involuntary in blood vessels, gut, bladder, uterus
62
epithelial tissue function
protection, absorption, excretion, filtration, secretion, transport of mucus, sensory function
63
epithelial tissue definition
is a sheet of cells that can cover the body, line internal organs, form glands
64
4 classes of connective tissue
CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood
65
what 4 primary tissues does the skin contain
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
66
3 layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
67
epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
68
function of epidermis
prevent substances moving through spaces between the cells
69
5 epidermal layers
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinsoum, stratum basale
70
5 cells of the epidermis
epidermal stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocyte, tactile cells, dendritic cells
71
dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
72
hypodermis functions
stores fat, shock absorber, insulator
73
6 functions of skin
protection, sensation, metabolic function, excretion, blood reservoir, temperature regulation
74
three stages of tissue repair
inflammation, organisation, remodelling
75
stage 1: inflammation
includes the formation of a blood clot
76
stage 2: organisation
includes the formation of granulation tissue
77
stage 3: remodelling
includes regeneration and fibrosis
78
stage 1: inflammation function
prepares the wound for repair, eliminates invading microorganisms and removes debris and dead tissue
79
stage 2: organisation function
extracellular matrice synthesis including collagen and restore a blood supply
80
stage 3: remodelling function
complete permanent skin repair

bma1901 (9 decks)

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