Module 1

Question 1

Classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.
“Socratic Method”

Answer 1

Socrates

Question 2

The idea is tested by asking a series of questions to determine underlying beliefs and the extent of knowledge to guide the person toward better understanding.

Answer 2

Socrates

Question 3

The soul is immortal
The care of the soul is the task of philosophy
• Virtue is necessary to obtain happiness

“The unexamined life is not worth living”

Self-knowledge (the examination of one’s self)

Answer 3

Socrates

Question 4

What are the 2 kinds of existence according to Socrates

Answer 4

Visible and Invisible

Question 5

Changes; the body

Answer 5

Visible

Question 6

Remains constant; the kind that is invisible to humans yet sensed and understood by the mind (soul)

Answer 6

Invisible

Question 7

“When the body and soul are together, nature assigns our body to be slave and to be ruled and the soul to bea ruler and master.”

Answer 7

Socrates

Question 8

The goal of life is to be happy.

The virtuous man is a happy man and that virtue alone is the one and only supreme good that will secure his/her happiness.

Answer 8

Socrates

Question 9

• Student of Socrates.
• Philosophical method is Collection
and Division

Answer 9

Plato

Question 10

A method done by collecting all generic ideas that seemed to have common characteristics and then divided them into different kinds until the subdivision of ideas became specific.

Answer 10

Collection and Division

Question 11

Asserted that the physical world is not really the “real” world because the ultimate reality exists beyond it.

Answer 11

Theory of Forms

Question 12

The most divine aspect of the human being.

Answer 12

Soul (plato)

Question 13

3 parts of the soul

Answer 13

Appetitive (sensual)
Rational (reasoning)
Spirited (feeling)

Question 14

the element that enjoys sensual
experiences

Answer 14

Appetitive (sensual)

Question 15

the element that forbids the person to
enjoy sensual experiences

Answer 15

Rational (reasoning)

Question 16

the element that is inclined toward reason
but understand the demand of passion

Answer 16

Spirited (feeling)

Question 17

Asserted that “forms” were concepts existing within the perfect and
eternal God where the soul belonged.
• The soul held the Truth and was capable of scientific thinking.

Answer 17

St. Augustine

Question 18

An inner, immaterial “I” that had self-knowledge and self-awareness.

Answer 18

Self (St. Augustine)

Question 19

3 aspects of the self/soul

Answer 19

• Able to be aware of itself
  • Recognizes itself as a holistic one
  • Aware of its unity.

Question 20

• “Everything related to the physical world belongs to the physical body,
and if aperson concerns himself/herself with this physical world…he will not be different from animals.”

Answer 20

St. Augustine

Question 21

Philosopher, mathematician, and
scientist who is considered as
the father of modern Western
philosophy.

Answer 21

Rene Descartes

Question 22

A systematic process of being
skeptical about the truth of
one’s beliefs in order to
determine which beliefs could
be ascertained as true

Answer 22

Hyperbolical/ metaphysical doubt
or methodological skepticism

Question 23

meaning of “Cogito ergo sum”

Answer 23

I think, therefore I am

Question 24

The immaterial substance(soul) possesses a body and is so intimately bound by the self and forms a union with the body but still distinct from each other

Answer 24

Cartesian Dualism

Question 25

Philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the **most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.**

Answer 25

John Locke

Question 26

**Self is the same self in the passing of time**, thus held accountable for past behaviors he/she can only remember

Answer 26

Defense of accountability

Question 27

Philosopher, historian and economist who is best known for his philosophical **empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.**

Answer 27

David Hume

Question 28

The **origin of all knowledge is sense experience**

Answer 28

Empiricism

Question 29

**Reason, rather than experience**, is the foundation of all knowledge.

Answer 29

Descartes Rationalism

Question 30

Described the self or person as a **bundle or a collection of different perceptions** that are moving in a very fast and successive manner ---”self as a perpetual flux”

Answer 30

Bundle Theory

Question 31

2 divisions of mind’s perceptions:

Answer 31

Impressions Ideas

Question 32

Perceptions that are the most strong

Answer 32

Impressions

Question 33

Perceptions that are less forcible and lively

Answer 33

Ideas

Question 34

Nothing but a series of incoherent impressions received by the senses. • Does not exist because man’s perception are only active for as long as he/she is conscious. • A passive observer; whereby the total annihilation of the self comes at“death.

Answer 34

Self by David Hume

Question 35

Considered the most influential thinker of the Enlightenment era and one of the greatest Western philosophers of all times. • His works are especially those on epistemology, aesthetics and ethics

Answer 35

Immanuel Kant

Question 36

Related to **spiritual or nonphysical realm**

Answer 36

Transcendental

Question 37

The mental process by which **a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she already possesses**

Answer 37

Apperception

Question 38

2 components of the self

Answer 38

Inner self Outer Self

Question 39

The self by which you are **aware of the alterations in your own state.**

Answer 39

Inner self

Question 40

Includes your **senses and the physical world**

Answer 40

Outer self

Question 41

A neurologist and the founder of **psychoanalysis.**

Answer 41

Sigmund Freud

Question 42

A clinical method for **treating psychopathology through dialogue** between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Answer 42

Psychoanalysis

Question 43

The **totality of the human mind**, both conscious and unconscious.

Answer 43

Psyche

Question 44

3 levels of consciousness

Answer 44

*Conscious *Pre-conscious/ subconscious *Unconscious

Question 45

**Awareness of present perceptions,** feelings, thoughts, memories and fantasies at any particular moment

Answer 45

Conscious

Question 46

Data that can readily be brought to consciousness.

Answer 46

Pre-conscious

Question 47

Data **retained but not easily available to the individual’s conscious awareness** or scrutiny

Answer 47

Unconscious

Question 48

A personality theory based on the notion that **an individual get motivated by unseen forces**, controlled by the conscious and the rational thought.

Answer 48

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 49

3 parts of the psyche

Answer 49

*Id *Ego *Superego

Question 50

Operates on the **pleasure principle**

Answer 50

Id

Question 51

Achievement of demands

Answer 51

Pleasure

Question 52

Denial of the desires/demands

Answer 52

Unpleasant feeling/feeling of tension

Question 53

Operates according to the reality principle

Answer 53

Ego

Question 54

**Use to ward off unpleasant feelings of anxiety** due to the failure to use reality principle.

Answer 54

Defense mechanisms

Question 55

Operates according to the moral principle

Answer 55

Superego

Question 56

2 systems of superego

Answer 56

Conscience Ideal self

Question 57

Guilt feeling

Answer 57

Conscience

Question 58

The imaginary picture of how you ought to be.

Answer 58

Ideal self

Question 59

20th Century British philosopher, and professor who produced a critique on Descartes’ idea that the mind is distinct from the body.

Answer 59

Gilbert Ryle

Question 60

**Rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states.**

Answer 60

Gilbert Ryle

Question 61

Distinction between **mind and matter**

Answer 61

Category-mistake

Question 62

Philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind.

Answer 62

Paul Churchland

Question 63

**Nothing but matter exists.** • Viewed the immaterial, unchanging soul/self not existing because it cannot be experienced by the senses

Answer 63

Materialistic view

Question 64

People’s common-sense understanding of the mind is **false and certain classes of mental states do not exist.**

Answer 64

Eliminative materialism

Question 65

**originated from the brain itself** and that **self is a product of electrochemical signals** produced by the brain.

Answer 65

sense of self

Question 66

Phenomenological philosopher and author.

Answer 66

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Question 67

**To give a body** (to an immaterial substance)

Answer 67

Embodied

Question 68

The state of being a subject

Answer 68

subjectivity

Question 69

An entity that possesses conscious experiences and affects some other% entities called as “object”

Answer 69

Subject

Question 70

The study of people, past and present. • Focuses on understanding the human condition in its cultural aspect. • Concerned with how humans evolved and how they differ from one another. • A very dynamic field.

Answer 70

Anthropology

Question 71

Anthropologist and professor • **Self as a unit but unitary**

Answer 71

Katherine Ewing

Question 72

Encompasses the “physical organism which possesses psychological functioning and social attributes

Answer 72

Self as a unit but unitary

Question 73

Neuroscientist who conceptualized the **implicit and explicit** aspects of the self

Answer 73

Joseph LeDoux

Question 74

The self that **a person is consciously aware of.**

Answer 74

Explicit self

Question 75

Self that is **not available in one’s consciousness.**

Answer 75

Implicit self

Question 76

Culturally shaped “self” **concepts that one applies to oneself** *Illusory

Answer 76

Self representation

Question 77

Self is **culturally shaped and infinitely variable**

Answer 77

Self embedded in culture

Question 78

An **interpretation of the meaning of something.**

Answer 78

Construal

Question 79

The **characteristic of individualistic culture** Typical of the collectivist culture stressing the essential connection between the individual to other people.

Answer 79

Independent Construct

Question 80

A developmental psychologist who believed that **culture can influence how people view**: • Relationship • Personality traits • Achievement • Expressing Emotions

Answer 80

Catherine Raeff