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Neuroanatomy > Module 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Module 1 & 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What two parts is the cerebral cortex divided into?

A

Neocortex

Allocortex

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1
Q

Lobes of the brain

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital 
Temporal 
Limbic
Insula
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2
Q

What does the neocortex cover?

A

All lobes except the limbic lobe

Makes up 90% of cortex

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3
Q

What does the allocortex cover?

A

(Older)
Limbic lobe
Orbital cortex
10% of cortex

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4
Q

Describe the layers of the neocortex

A

4-6 mm thick
6 horizontal layers (lamina)
layers parallel to cortical surface

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the vertical columns of the neocortex?

A 
Functional units of the cortex
Start in the cortex but go into white matter 
Neurons dominate based on cortical columns 
Receive afferents (sensory neurons) from cortical areas/thalamus
Send efferents (motor neurons) to association, commissural and motor projection
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6
Q

Do the 5 cell types in the cerebral cortex have the same function?

A

No. Each have a different function.

Mostly pyramidal neurons

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7
Q

Name the sulci and fissures of the brain

A 
Central sulcus/fissure of Roland 
Lateral sulcus/ sylvian fissure
Longitudinal fissure
Parietooccipital sulcus 
Cingulate sulcus
Calcarine fissure
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8
Q

Where is the limbic lobe “emotional brain”& ?

A

Deep to temporal lobe
Medial aspect of hemisphere
Ring around corpus callosum

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9
Q

What are the Gyri of the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral Gyri
Superior frontal Gyri
Middle frontal Gyri
Inferior frontal Gyri

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10
Q

Describe the precentral Gyri

A 
Brodmann's area 4
Primary motor cortex
Vertically organized 
Organized as motor homunculus
Origin of primary motor pathway (direct motor pathway)/pyramidal tract
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11
Q

Are the frontal

Gyri (with the exception of the precentral Gyri) vertically or horizontally organized?

A

Horizontally

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12
Q

What additional three sections does the inferior frontal Gyri include?

A

Pars triangularis
Pars opercularis
Pars orbitalis

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13
Q

What is important about the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Brodmann’s area 44
Broca’s area
Motor speech association cortex
Speech praxis/ programming

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14
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Part of: frontal, parietal, temporal lobes

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15
Q

Do primary and association areas have the same role?

A

No! Association areas border primary areas

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16
Q

What is the role of a primary area?

A

Receive data

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17
Q

What is the role of an association area?

A

Interprets the data from the primary area

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18
Q

In the motor cortical area, what does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Provides commands to move

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19
Q

In the motor cortical area, what does the association motor cortex do?

A

Provides the movement plan, schema (outline)

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20
Q

What is the homunculus of the primary motor cortex?

A 
Shoulder
Elbow
Fingers
Thumb
Eyelids
Lips
Jaw
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21
Q

Describe the premotor cortex

A

Brodmann’s area 6
Praxis for skilled movements
An association area

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22
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A 
Biological correlation of intelligence 
Reasoning 
Abstraction 
Praxis 
Judgment
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23
Q

What are the Gyri of the parietal lobe?

A

Postcentral
Supramarginal
Angular

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24
Describe the postcentral gyrus
Brodmann's area 3-1-2 Vertically organized Primary sensory (somato) cortex
25
What is the order of the sensory homunculus of the primary somato cortex?
``` Hip Trunk Arm Hand Face ```
26
What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?
Receives general sensory data
27
What is the function of the association sensory cortex?
Interprets the data received from the primary cortex
28
What is the angular gyrus?
``` Brodmann's area 39 Helps with cross-modal associations Damage causes word finding problems Part of the parietal lobe At juncture of p/o/t lobes ```
29
What is the supramarginal gyrus?
Brodmann's area 40 Slight above the angular gyrus Damage causes reading problems
30
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
``` Perception Interpretation of general senses Cross-modal associations (AG) Left Lobe helps with reading/word finding Right Lobe for visuospatial/ constructive ```
31
What are the Gyri of the temporal lobe?
Superior Middle Inferior
32
Where is wernicke's area located and what is it's function?
Brodmann's area 22 Located: on the 1st/2nd Gyri of the temporal lobe Auditory verbal association Spoken language comprehension
33
What is Heschl's gyrus?
Brodmann's area 41 & 42 Each Gyri receives bilateral input Best seen on coronal section Primary auditory
34
Describe the occipital lobe
Brodmann's area 17, Brodmann's area 18 )interprets visual data) 19 (following automatic movements) are association cortex Primary visual cortex Receives all visual data
35
Name the two Fissures/ sulci in the occipital lobe
Calcarine fissure | Cingulate sulcus
36
What are the parts of the limbic lobe?
``` Cingulate gyrus Amygdala (pragmatics) Hippocampus (memory) Mammillary bodies Uncus (olfactory cortex) ```
37
What are general senses?
Pain Temperature Pressure fine touch
38
What are special senses?
Taste | Sight
39
What is neuroscience?
The study of anatomy structures and the physiological functions of the nervous system.
40
Who is Paul Broca?
1862 "Tan" and "Lelo" Deals with praxis
41
Who is Carl wernicke?
1874 | Deals with language comprehension
42
What do language and speech disturbances and certain acquired hearing balance disorders tell us?
Sensitive indicators of damage to cortical and subcortical structures
43
What are lesion sites indicated by?
Sensory Motor Cognitive Affective behavior
44
Where is the neuraxis?
Through the brain and spinal cord | In a "T" shape
45
What are the directional terms of the brain?
Rostral (anterior) Caudal (posterior) Dorsal ( superior) Ventral (inferior) *these change for the bs/sc*
46
Anatomical plans for the brain
Sagittal (middle) Coronal (front/back) Horizontal (cross) Transverse (diagonal)
47
Terms of movement
``` Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Supination Pronation ```
48
What is in gray matter?
Non myelinated axons Cell bodies Glia )Schwann cells Dendrites
49
What is in white matter?
Myelinated axons
50
Name the groups of nerve cell bodies
``` Nucleus Ganglion Lamina Cortex Corpora Formation Horn ```
51
Name bundles of nerve | Fibers in the CNS
``` Tract Fasciculus Brachium Peduncle Capsule Column Ansa Lemniscus Commissure ```
52
Where does 90% of decussation happen?
Lower brain stem/medulla
53
The body periphery is mapped into...
The cerebral and cerebellar | Cortex
54
What does contralateral mean?
Opposite side
55
What does ipsilateral mean?
Same side
56
What does unilateral mean?
One side
57
How is the nervous system divided?
CNS | ANS
58
Where do the cranial nerves in the PNS go?
To and from brainstem
59
Where do the spinal nerves go?
To and from the spinal cord
60
What two systems is the PNS divided into?
ANS: autonomic nervous system SNS: somatic nervous System
61
What are the 3 primary brain vessicles?
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon
62
The 3 brain vesicles turn into what 5 brain division?
``` Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon ```
63
What are the four functions of the nervous system?
Sensory: receives the data Motor: creates movements Integrator: synthesizes and analyzes and plans Regulator: maintains homeostasis
64
If we have a lesion before decussation Is the problem contralateral of ipsilateral?
Contralateral
65
What are the two fissure/sulci of occipital lobe?
Cingulate sulcus | Calcarine fissure
66
What are the two Gyri of occipital lobe?
Lingual gyrus | Cuneate gyrus

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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