Module 1-4 Flashcards
Mental Health Condition Prevalence Table
Mental Health Condition | Prevalence
PTSD (Adults) | 8.7 (3.5 annual)
PTSD (Children under 6) | 0.4-0.8%
OCD | 2-3% (1,1 - 1,8%)
Schizophrenia | 0.3-0.7%\
Personality Disorders | 9-15%
PTSD Comorbidity Rate?
80% comorbidity
What is the socio-interpersonal model of PTSD (Maercker & Horn, 2013)?
Emphasizes how social relationships and cultural contexts influence trauma recovery, beyond just individual psychological responses. This model highlights three aspects:\n1. Social factors - trauma-related emotions like guilt, shame, anger\n2. Close relationships - support systems as protection\n3. Cultural influences - societal impact on PTSD expression
What are ‘Traumatized societies’ honeymoon and pressure cooker phases?
They describe collective societal responses to trauma. The ‘honeymoon’ phase involves initial solidarity, while the ‘pressure cooker’ phase emerges if underlying issues remain unresolved.
What is FORNET (Narrative Exposure Therapy adaptation)?
FORNET adapts Narrative Exposure Therapy for offenders, helping them process trauma through timeline creation. It aims to reduce trauma symptoms and recidivism by improving emotional regulation and self-understanding.
What are Lancaster’s session counts for PTSD therapies?
PE = 8-15 sessions\nCPT = 12 sessions
What is Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)?
A treatment approach for PTSD that teaches anxiety-management techniques like breathing exercises and cognitive restructuring. While SIT is more effective than supportive counseling, Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy achieves better outcomes than either SIT alone or SIT combined with exposure.
What medications are mentioned for PTSD?
SRSS: sertraline, paroxetine\nOther: trazodone, prazosin (for nightmares)
OCD Comorbidity Rate?
90% comorbidity
OCD Heritability?
40-50%
What do Stein et al. (2019) highlight regarding OCD?
Stein et al. (2019) highlight how brain circuits (Cortico-Striato-Thalamo-Cortical), particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia, along with serotonin and dopamine systems, play key roles in OCD development and symptoms.
What are common OCD symptom dimensions?
- Contamination OCD: Obsessions about germs, compulsive washing\n- Harm OCD: Fear of harm, compulsive checking\n- Unacceptability OCD: Intrusive thoughts, mental rituals\n- Symmetry OCD: Need for order, arranging compulsions\n- Hoarding OCD: Difficulty discarding, excessive collecting
How do Copy Number Variations (CNVs) relate to OCD?
Genetic studies show that DNA variations called Copy Number Variations, particularly large deletions in region 16p13.11, are more common in OCD patients. About 1.4% of OCD cases involve new (de novo) genetic mutations not inherited from parents.
What does Arco (2015) say about OCD treatments?
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Effective first-line treatment, but high dropout rates due to exposure tasks\n- Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRIs): Effective medication option, though may require additional therapies\n- Behavioral Activation (BA): Promising alternative that addresses both OCD and depression, but needs more research
What do Hezel and McNally (2016) examine in OCD?
They examine cognitive processes influencing OCD, especially how dysfunctional beliefs (e.g., inflated responsibility, overestimation of threat) lead to misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts as threatening, reinforcing compulsive behaviors.
!What is the Salkovskis–Rachman cognitive model of OCD?
It suggests OCD is driven by catastrophic misinterpretations of intrusive thoughts. While most people have occasional unwanted thoughts, individuals with OCD perceive them as meaningful and threatening, leading to compulsive behaviors aimed at preventing perceived harm. It also involves inflated responsibility.
What are Salkovskis’s pathways to inflated responsibility in OCD?
- Strict upbringing with rigid moral or behavioral rules\n2. Parental overprotection limiting development of balanced accountability\n3. Learned responsibility for harm prevention (raised believing one must prevent harm)\n4. Personal experiences of harm or mistaken belief of causing harm
!What did the Cognitions Working Group (OCCWG) identify as the three main domains of pathological beliefs in OCD?
- Overestimation of threat and inflated responsibility\n2. Importance of and need to control thoughts\n3. Perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty
What does the Metacognitive model of OCD propose?
It focuses on beliefs about thinking (metacognition). Key elements include:\n- Thought-event fusion: Believing thinking about an event makes it more likely\n- Thought-action fusion: Believing thinking about an action increases likelihood of doing it\n- Thought-object fusion: Believing thoughts can ‘contaminate’ objects
What portion of Schizophrenia can be explained by genetics?
60-80% explained by genetics
How does DSM-5 describe Schizophrenia?
DSM-5 describes schizophrenia through its psychotic symptoms and diagnostic criteria, focusing on symptomatology rather than underlying biological mechanisms or genetic-environmental interactions.
What do Crawford and Go say about Schizophrenia?
They note dopamine dysregulation as key: excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway leads to positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), while reduced dopamine in the mesocortical pathway leads to negative symptoms (avolition, anhedonia). Cognitive Remediation Therapy improves cognitive deficits and enhances quality of life.
What do Tandon et al. (2024) emphasize about Schizophrenia?
- Genetic: Highly heritable (60-80%), with multiple genetic variants shared across psychiatric disorders\n- Neurobiological: Involves dopamine and glutamate system changes, plus structural brain abnormalities\n- Environmental: Risk factors like prenatal complications, urban upbringing, cannabis use, and childhood trauma\nThey argue schizophrenia is more complex than a simple dopamine disorder, requiring consideration of genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors.
What are the DSM-5 criteria features for Personality Disorders?
A. A persistent pattern of behavior and inner experience that differs significantly from cultural norms, affecting cognition, emotional responses, relationships, or impulse control\nB. Pervasive and inflexible\nC. Causes significant problems in daily life, work, and relationships
