MODULE 1 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Role of Ligaments
A
Connect articulating bones at a joint, stabilise connecting bones
2
Q
Role and composition of Cartilage
A
Has tensile strength - composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix
3
Q
Hyaline Cartilage
A
Articular cartilage, costal cartilage (ribs to sternum), forms epiphyseal plate
4
Q
Elastic Cartilage
A
Forms the oracle of the ear
5
Q
Fibrocartilage
A
Forms menisci, connects intervertebral discs, connects pubic symphysis
6
Q
Function of Bones
A
Support, protection, storage of minerals and triglycerides, blood cell production and movement
7
Q
Origin
A
The fixed point of muscle attachment
8
Q
Insertion
A
Moveable point of muscle attachment
9
Q
What is included within the axial skeleton?
A
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
10
Q
What is included within the appendicular skeleton?
A
Upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdles, pelvic girdle
11
Q
Connective tissue contains
A
Osseous tissue, adipose tissue (yellow bone marrow) and hyaline cartilage (growth plates)
12
Q
Nervous tissue contains
A
Sensory neurons
13
Q
Muscle tissue and Epithelial tissue contains
A
Blood vessels
14
Q
Osseous tissue contains
A
specialised cells and an extracellular matrix
15
Q
The Matrix consists of
A
ground substance, collagen fibres and calcium phosphate crystals
16
Q
Collagen Fibres provide
A
flexibility and tensile strength
17
Q
Calcium Phosphate Crystals
A
make our bones hard and provide compressive strength
18
Q
Osteoprogenitor Cells are
A
Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
19
Q
Osteoblasts are
A
bone “building” cells that secrete collagen fibres and ground substance
20
Q
Osteoclasts are
A
bone “reabsorbing” cells that break down the matrix and release stored minerals
21
Q
Osteocytes are
A
mature bone cells that maintain the matrix
22
Q
Periosteum
A
outer connective tissue membrane, covers contact bone, contains blood vessels and nerves
23
Q
Endosteum
A
internal connective tissue membrane, covers spongy bone
24
Q
Compact Bone
A
Osseous tissue arranged into osteons, each osteon: runs parallel to the long axis of bone. Consists of: a central canal (blood vessels and nerves), concentric circles of matrix, osteocytes (between matrix). Acts as a tiny weight bearing pillar.
25
Spongy Bone
Osseous tissue is arranged into an irregular lattice of thin needle like structures called trabeculae. Which resist forces from all directions and transfer weight. Lighter than compact bone, mainly found in the proximal and distal epiphysis.
26
What is and where does interstitial growth occur?
Bones lengthen by interstitial growth, occurs at the epiphyseal plates of long bones
27
What is and where does appositional growth occur?
Bones widen by appositional growth, occurs at the outer surface of all bones
28
What is growth controlled by during childhood?
Growth hormone and thyroid hormone
29
What is growth controlled by during adolescence?
Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone and oestrogen
30
Bone remodelling
Maintains bone mass and strength, replaces old matrix with new matrix
31
Bone resorption
osteoclasts break down old matrix
32
Bone deposition
osetoblasts produce new matrix
33
The rate of bone deposition and resorption...
equals each other, bone mass remains constant in healthy young adults
34
At around 30 years of age...
loss of bone mass occurs where the rate of resorption exceeds the rate of deposition
35
Factors that affect bone growth:
Calcium and phosphate, vitamin C (collagen synthesis), vitamin A (stimulates osteoblast activity), vitamin D (Ca2+ absorption), vitamins K and B12 (synthesis of proteins that form ground substance), weight bearing exercises
36
Fractures: closed (simple)
broken bone does not break the skin
37
Fractures: open (compound)
broken bone protrudes through skin
38
Fractures: comminute
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
39
Fractures: greenstick
incomplete break
40
Fractures: compression
bone is crushed
41
Fractures: spiral
ragged break that occurs with excessive twisting
42
Fractures: epiphyseal
bone breaks along epiphyseal plate
43
Fractures: transverse
bone breaks across its long axis
44
Fractures: depressed
broken bone is pressed inward
45
Fractures: avulsion
bone fragment tears away from main mass of bone - usually occurs at the site of muscle tendon or ligament attachment
46
Fractures: Pathological
caused by a disease that weakens bone structure e.g. osteoporosis
47
Fractures: Colles
break at the distal end of the radius
48
Fractures: scaphoid
common carpal bone fracture
49
Fractures: Pott's
fracture of both the tibia and the fibula
50
Fracture Treatment: reduction
the realignment of bone ends
51
Fracture Treatment: immobilisation
of realigned bones, i.e. cast, sling, brace etc.
52
Fracture Treatment: rehabilitation
restore function
53
Fracture repair step 1:
Haematoma forms - torn blood vessels haemorrhage, clot forms, site swollen and sore
54
Fracture repair step 2:
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms - fibroblasts produce collagen fibres, chondrocytes produce cartilage, fibrocartilaginous callus splints broken bone ends.
55
Fracture repair step 3:
Bony callus forms - fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to spongy bone, bone ends firmly reunited
56
Fracture repair step 4:
Bone remodelling - compact bone replaces spongy bone at the bone surface (diaphysis of long bone), osteoclasts remove excess bone, bone returns to normal shape
57
What is Osteomalacia (adults) and Rickets (children)?
bones are poorly mineralised, lack calcium phosphate crystals, bones are soft, flexible an deform easily. Caused by insufficient calcium intake or vitamin D deficiency.
58
Osteogenesis imperfecta is
Brittle bone disease, congenital bone disorder that affects the quantity or the quality of collagen fibres, no cure, treatment involves strengthening bones to reduce incidence of fractures
59
Osteoporosis is where
bone resorption outpaces bone deposition, reduction in bone mass
60
Synarthrosis
immoveable joint
61
Amphiathrosis
slightly moveable joint
62
Diarthrosis
freely moveable joint
63
Fibrous joints
Articulating bones united by fibrous connective tissue. Joint cavity absent, are synarthrosis or amphiathrosis joints
64
Sutures
immoveable fibrous joints that unite the bone of the skull
65
Tibiofibular joint
slightly moveable fibrous joints that unites tibia and fibula
66
Cartilaginous joints
Articulating bones are united by cartilage, hyaline or fibrocartilage, joint cavity absent, synarthrosis or amphiathrosis
67
Synovial joints
Articulating bone ends are covered in articular cartilage, joint cavity present, diarthrosis joints.
68
The 5 features that define a synovial joint are:
articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage and reinforcing ligament
69
Articular capsule, 2 layers include...
surrounds entire joint and encloses joint cavity. Tough outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane
70
Joint cavity
separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid
71
Synovial fluid helps with
shock absorption, reduces friction, circulates to supply oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes and remove wastes
72
Articular cartilage
covers the end of each articulating bone, shock absorption, reduces friction
73
Reinforcing ligaments
stabilises synovial joints
74
Menisci
stabilise synovial joints, reduce friction, shock absorption
75
Muscle tendons
stabilise synovial joints
76
Bursae
bags of synovial fluid, reduce friction between adjacent joint structures
77
Tendon sheaths
tubular synovial fluid which wraps around a tendon
78
Bursa
small synovial fluid pocket that lies between two structures e.g. a tendon and bone or a ligament and bone
79
Fat pads
mass of adipose tissue, protect joint structures
80
Synovial joints allow: 1
Angular movements - flexion, extension, adduction abduction, circumduction, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
81
Synovial joints allow: 2
Rotational movements - rotation, supination, pronation
82
Synovial joints allow: 3
Special movements - protraction, retraction, opposition, depression, elevation, inversion, eversion
83
Type of synovial joint: pivot joint
allows rotation
84
Type of synovial joint: plane joint
allows gliding movements e.g. intercarpal and intertarsal joints
85
Type of synovial joint: condylar joint
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
86
Type of synovial joint: saddle joint
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
87
Type of synovial joint: hinge joint
allows flexion and extension
88
Type of synovial joint: ball and socket joint
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation
89
Sprains
ligaments are stretched or torn, poorly vascularised
90
Oseteoarthritis is
a form of chronic arthritis, degenerative joint disease
91
Rheumatoid arthritis is
autoimmune disease that targets the synovial membrane lining synovial joints
92
Functions of muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
Produces body movements, maintains posture and body position, stabilises joints, generates heat
93
Excitability
(responsiveness) the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
94
Contractibility
the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
95
Extensibility
the ability to be stretched, for example when relaxed
96
Elasticity
the ability to recoil to resting length after it has been stretched
97
Skeletal muscle composition and function
composed of skeletal muscle fibres, maintains posture, stabilises joints and generates heat, voluntary and controlled by the somatic nervous system
98
Cardiac muscle composition and function
Located in the heart and forms the bulk of myocardium, autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
99
Smooth muscle composition and function
found mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs, involuntary (ANS), contractions force fluid and other substances through internal body channels, regulate passage of substances through internal body openings, alter blood vessel and pupil diameter
100
Skeletal Muscles: Endomysium
is the innermost membrane and it encloses each individual muscle fibre
101
Skeletal Muscles: Perimysium
surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres, called a fascicle
102
Skeletal Muscles: Epimysium
the outer membrane that covers the entire skeletal muscle, provide strength and support, can attach a muscle directly to surface of bone
103
The 3 events that lead to muscle contraction:
Neural stimulation, excitation-contraction coupling and contraction "sliding filament theory"
104
1. Neural Stimulation
somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscle contraction, action potentials are generated and sent to skeletal muscles via lower motor neurons, chemical synapse forms (neuromuscular junction)
105
2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
is a sequence of events that link the action potential to contraction. An electrical signal (excitation) and a mechanical response (contraction) is coupled
106
3. Contraction "sliding filament theory"
contraction begins when the myosin heads bind to the active sites on actin. Myosin generates force pulling them towards the centre of the sarcomere. Thin filaments slide past the thick filaments and the sarcomere shortens. The entire muscle ends up shortening (lengths of filaments DO NOT CHANGE, just slide past each other)
107
What is a motor unit?
one lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
108
What is a small motor unit?
4-6 muscle fibres innervate muscles that control fine, delicate movements
109
What is a large motor unit?
1000-2000 muscle fibres innervate muscles that control coarse, powerful movements
