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BMA > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of Ligaments

A

Connect articulating bones at a joint, stabilise connecting bones

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2
Q

Role and composition of Cartilage

A

Has tensile strength - composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix

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3
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Articular cartilage, costal cartilage (ribs to sternum), forms epiphyseal plate

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4
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Forms the oracle of the ear

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5
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Forms menisci, connects intervertebral discs, connects pubic symphysis

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6
Q

Function of Bones

A

Support, protection, storage of minerals and triglycerides, blood cell production and movement

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7
Q

Origin

A

The fixed point of muscle attachment

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8
Q

Insertion

A

Moveable point of muscle attachment

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9
Q

What is included within the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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10
Q

What is included within the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdles, pelvic girdle

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11
Q

Connective tissue contains

A

Osseous tissue, adipose tissue (yellow bone marrow) and hyaline cartilage (growth plates)

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12
Q

Nervous tissue contains

A

Sensory neurons

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13
Q

Muscle tissue and Epithelial tissue contains

A

Blood vessels

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14
Q

Osseous tissue contains

A

specialised cells and an extracellular matrix

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15
Q

The Matrix consists of

A

ground substance, collagen fibres and calcium phosphate crystals

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16
Q

Collagen Fibres provide

A

flexibility and tensile strength

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17
Q

Calcium Phosphate Crystals

A

make our bones hard and provide compressive strength

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells are

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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19
Q

Osteoblasts are

A

bone “building” cells that secrete collagen fibres and ground substance

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20
Q

Osteoclasts are

A

bone “reabsorbing” cells that break down the matrix and release stored minerals

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21
Q

Osteocytes are

A

mature bone cells that maintain the matrix

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22
Q

Periosteum

A

outer connective tissue membrane, covers contact bone, contains blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

Endosteum

A

internal connective tissue membrane, covers spongy bone

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24
Q

Compact Bone

A

Osseous tissue arranged into osteons, each osteon: runs parallel to the long axis of bone. Consists of: a central canal (blood vessels and nerves), concentric circles of matrix, osteocytes (between matrix). Acts as a tiny weight bearing pillar.

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25
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Osseous tissue is arranged into an irregular lattice of thin needle like structures called trabeculae. Which resist forces from all directions and transfer weight. Lighter than compact bone, mainly found in the proximal and distal epiphysis.

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26
Q

What is and where does interstitial growth occur?

A

Bones lengthen by interstitial growth, occurs at the epiphyseal plates of long bones

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27
Q

What is and where does appositional growth occur?

A

Bones widen by appositional growth, occurs at the outer surface of all bones

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28
Q

What is growth controlled by during childhood?

A

Growth hormone and thyroid hormone

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29
Q

What is growth controlled by during adolescence?

A

Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone and oestrogen

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30
Q

Bone remodelling

A

Maintains bone mass and strength, replaces old matrix with new matrix

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31
Q

Bone resorption

A

osteoclasts break down old matrix

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32
Q

Bone deposition

A

osetoblasts produce new matrix

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33
Q

The rate of bone deposition and resorption…

A

equals each other, bone mass remains constant in healthy young adults

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34
Q

At around 30 years of age…

A

loss of bone mass occurs where the rate of resorption exceeds the rate of deposition

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35
Q

Factors that affect bone growth:

A

Calcium and phosphate, vitamin C (collagen synthesis), vitamin A (stimulates osteoblast activity), vitamin D (Ca2+ absorption), vitamins K and B12 (synthesis of proteins that form ground substance), weight bearing exercises

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36
Q

Fractures: closed (simple)

A

broken bone does not break the skin

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37
Q

Fractures: open (compound)

A

broken bone protrudes through skin

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38
Q

Fractures: comminute

A

bone fragments into 3 or more pieces

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39
Q

Fractures: greenstick

A

incomplete break

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40
Q

Fractures: compression

A

bone is crushed

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41
Q

Fractures: spiral

A

ragged break that occurs with excessive twisting

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42
Q

Fractures: epiphyseal

A

bone breaks along epiphyseal plate

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43
Q

Fractures: transverse

A

bone breaks across its long axis

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44
Q

Fractures: depressed

A

broken bone is pressed inward

45
Q

Fractures: avulsion

A

bone fragment tears away from main mass of bone - usually occurs at the site of muscle tendon or ligament attachment

46
Q

Fractures: Pathological

A

caused by a disease that weakens bone structure e.g. osteoporosis

47
Q

Fractures: Colles

A

break at the distal end of the radius

48
Q

Fractures: scaphoid

A

common carpal bone fracture

49
Q

Fractures: Pott’s

A

fracture of both the tibia and the fibula

50
Q

Fracture Treatment: reduction

A

the realignment of bone ends

51
Q

Fracture Treatment: immobilisation

A

of realigned bones, i.e. cast, sling, brace etc.

52
Q

Fracture Treatment: rehabilitation

A

restore function

53
Q

Fracture repair step 1:

A

Haematoma forms - torn blood vessels haemorrhage, clot forms, site swollen and sore

54
Q

Fracture repair step 2:

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus forms - fibroblasts produce collagen fibres, chondrocytes produce cartilage, fibrocartilaginous callus splints broken bone ends.

55
Q

Fracture repair step 3:

A

Bony callus forms - fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to spongy bone, bone ends firmly reunited

56
Q

Fracture repair step 4:

A

Bone remodelling - compact bone replaces spongy bone at the bone surface (diaphysis of long bone), osteoclasts remove excess bone, bone returns to normal shape

57
Q

What is Osteomalacia (adults) and Rickets (children)?

A

bones are poorly mineralised, lack calcium phosphate crystals, bones are soft, flexible an deform easily. Caused by insufficient calcium intake or vitamin D deficiency.

58
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is

A

Brittle bone disease, congenital bone disorder that affects the quantity or the quality of collagen fibres, no cure, treatment involves strengthening bones to reduce incidence of fractures

59
Q

Osteoporosis is where

A

bone resorption outpaces bone deposition, reduction in bone mass

60
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immoveable joint

61
Q

Amphiathrosis

A

slightly moveable joint

62
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely moveable joint

63
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Articulating bones united by fibrous connective tissue. Joint cavity absent, are synarthrosis or amphiathrosis joints

64
Q

Sutures

A

immoveable fibrous joints that unite the bone of the skull

65
Q

Tibiofibular joint

A

slightly moveable fibrous joints that unites tibia and fibula

66
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Articulating bones are united by cartilage, hyaline or fibrocartilage, joint cavity absent, synarthrosis or amphiathrosis

67
Q

Synovial joints

A

Articulating bone ends are covered in articular cartilage, joint cavity present, diarthrosis joints.

68
Q

The 5 features that define a synovial joint are:

A

articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage and reinforcing ligament

69
Q

Articular capsule, 2 layers include…

A

surrounds entire joint and encloses joint cavity. Tough outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane

70
Q

Joint cavity

A

separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid

71
Q

Synovial fluid helps with

A

shock absorption, reduces friction, circulates to supply oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes and remove wastes

72
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers the end of each articulating bone, shock absorption, reduces friction

73
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

stabilises synovial joints

74
Q

Menisci

A

stabilise synovial joints, reduce friction, shock absorption

75
Q

Muscle tendons

A

stabilise synovial joints

76
Q

Bursae

A

bags of synovial fluid, reduce friction between adjacent joint structures

77
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

tubular synovial fluid which wraps around a tendon

78
Q

Bursa

A

small synovial fluid pocket that lies between two structures e.g. a tendon and bone or a ligament and bone

79
Q

Fat pads

A

mass of adipose tissue, protect joint structures

80
Q

Synovial joints allow: 1

A

Angular movements - flexion, extension, adduction abduction, circumduction, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

81
Q

Synovial joints allow: 2

A

Rotational movements - rotation, supination, pronation

82
Q

Synovial joints allow: 3

A

Special movements - protraction, retraction, opposition, depression, elevation, inversion, eversion

83
Q

Type of synovial joint: pivot joint

A

allows rotation

84
Q

Type of synovial joint: plane joint

A

allows gliding movements e.g. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

85
Q

Type of synovial joint: condylar joint

A

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction

86
Q

Type of synovial joint: saddle joint

A

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

87
Q

Type of synovial joint: hinge joint

A

allows flexion and extension

88
Q

Type of synovial joint: ball and socket joint

A

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation

89
Q

Sprains

A

ligaments are stretched or torn, poorly vascularised

90
Q

Oseteoarthritis is

A

a form of chronic arthritis, degenerative joint disease

91
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is

A

autoimmune disease that targets the synovial membrane lining synovial joints

92
Q

Functions of muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

A

Produces body movements, maintains posture and body position, stabilises joints, generates heat

93
Q

Excitability

A

(responsiveness) the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

94
Q

Contractibility

A

the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

95
Q

Extensibility

A

the ability to be stretched, for example when relaxed

96
Q

Elasticity

A

the ability to recoil to resting length after it has been stretched

97
Q

Skeletal muscle composition and function

A

composed of skeletal muscle fibres, maintains posture, stabilises joints and generates heat, voluntary and controlled by the somatic nervous system

98
Q

Cardiac muscle composition and function

A

Located in the heart and forms the bulk of myocardium, autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

99
Q

Smooth muscle composition and function

A

found mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs, involuntary (ANS), contractions force fluid and other substances through internal body channels, regulate passage of substances through internal body openings, alter blood vessel and pupil diameter

100
Q

Skeletal Muscles: Endomysium

A

is the innermost membrane and it encloses each individual muscle fibre

101
Q

Skeletal Muscles: Perimysium

A

surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres, called a fascicle

102
Q

Skeletal Muscles: Epimysium

A

the outer membrane that covers the entire skeletal muscle, provide strength and support, can attach a muscle directly to surface of bone

103
Q

The 3 events that lead to muscle contraction:

A

Neural stimulation, excitation-contraction coupling and contraction “sliding filament theory”

104
Q
  1. Neural Stimulation
A

somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscle contraction, action potentials are generated and sent to skeletal muscles via lower motor neurons, chemical synapse forms (neuromuscular junction)

105
Q
  1. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
A

is a sequence of events that link the action potential to contraction. An electrical signal (excitation) and a mechanical response (contraction) is coupled

106
Q
  1. Contraction “sliding filament theory”
A

contraction begins when the myosin heads bind to the active sites on actin. Myosin generates force pulling them towards the centre of the sarcomere. Thin filaments slide past the thick filaments and the sarcomere shortens. The entire muscle ends up shortening (lengths of filaments DO NOT CHANGE, just slide past each other)

107
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

one lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

108
Q

What is a small motor unit?

A

4-6 muscle fibres innervate muscles that control fine, delicate movements

109
Q

What is a large motor unit?

A

1000-2000 muscle fibres innervate muscles that control coarse, powerful movements

BMA (3 decks)

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