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MODULE 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

to provide adequate blood flow to all tissues/organs

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2
Q

The base of the heart is located… and is the…

A

near the anterior chest wall, entry and exit to the heart

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3
Q

The apex of the heart is located…

A

inferior tip, points towards the left hip, 12-14cm from base

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4
Q

The heart sits in a cavity called the

A

anterior mediastinum

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5
Q

Size of the heart

A

12-14cm long, 9cm wide

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6
Q

The pericardium is… and contains

A

a double walled sac, an outer parietal pericardium and an inner visceral pericardium/epicardium

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7
Q

3 layers of the heart wall are

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

Epicardium

A

covers the heart (visceral pericardium)

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

the thickest layer, muscular wall consisting of cardiac muscle cells, blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue

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10
Q

Endocardium

A

endothelium (epithelium) covers the inner surfaces of the heart, including heart valves. Forms smooth inner lining which reduces friction so blood can move through easily

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11
Q

External structures of the heart: 2 superior atria that are…

A

thin-walled, receiving chambers, expandable regions called auricles, externally separated from ventricles by the coronary sulcus

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12
Q

External structures of the heart: 2 inferior ventricles that are…

A

thick-walled chambers, discharging chambers, externally separated from each other by an interventricular sulcus (anterior and posterior)

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13
Q

Right atria receives… from…

A

deoxygenated blood, from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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14
Q

Left atria receives… from…

A

oxygenated blood, from right and left pulmonary veins from the lungs

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15
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

takes blood from the ventricles and delivers to the lungs for oxygen collection

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16
Q

Aorta/aortic arch

A

takes blood from the ventricles and delivers to the body (for oxygen delivery)

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17
Q

Internal structures of the heart: atria (right atrium)

A

the right atrium receives coronary blood (deoxygenated blood) from the superior and inferior venae carvae and coronary sinus

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18
Q

Internal structures of the heart: ventricles are…

A

separated from the atria via atrioventricular valves (AV) which are anchored via chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles

Right (tricuspid valve)
Left (bicuspid/mitral valve)

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19
Q

Trabelculae carnae are

A

muscular ridges, less likely for walls to stick together, blood moves through easily

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20
Q

Blood exits the ventricles via

A

semilunar (SL) valves:

Right pulmonary semilunar valve
Left aortic semilunar valve

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21
Q

Right ventricle

A

thinner than the left as it does not have to work as hard (5mm thick)

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22
Q

Left ventricle

A

(15mm thick) thick muscles, generates 4-6 x more force than the right ventricle. Contracts from bottom (apex) upwards and constricts diameter. Pushes blood into the systemic circuit therefore requires a lot of force

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23
Q

Function of atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract. Chordae tendinae tense, via contraction of the papillary muscles, preventing the AV valves everting into the atria

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24
Q

Function of semilunar valves (SL)

A

pocket-like crescent shaped cusps, forced open when ventricles contract, close when ventricles relax and blood in the arteries tries to flow backwards

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25
Valves open or close in response to
pressure changes
26
Valves ensure the
one-way flow of blood through the heart
27
When AV valves open:
atrial pressure > ventricular pressure. As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against SL valves, forcing them to open.
28
Sequence of events once AV valves open
1. blood returning to the heart fills the atria, putting pressure against AV valves, AV valves are forced open. 2. as ventricles fill, AV valve flaps limply into ventricles. 3. atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles
29
When AV valves close:
atrial pressure < ventricular pressure. As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of SL valves and forcing them to close.
30
Sequence of events once AV valves close
1. ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps. 2. AV valves close. 3. papillary muscles contract, and chordae tendinae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria.
31
What is coronary circulation?
coronary circulation supplies blood to he myocardium. Left and right coronary arteries arise from the base of the aorta and circle the heart in the coronary sulcus.
32
Coronary circulation: left coronary artery gives rise to...
the anterior inter-ventricular artery - supplies anterior ventricles
33
Coronary circulation: right coronary artery gives rise to...
the posterior inter-ventricular artery - supplies posterior ventricles
34
Blood moves into the coronary arteries when...
the ventricles relax and blood in the aorta attempts to move backwards towards the heart i.e. in between heart beats
35
Function of the great cardiac vein
drains the anterior regions supplies by the anterior inter-ventricular artery
36
Function of the middle cardiac vein
drains the posterior regions supplies by the posterior inter-ventricular artery
37
All veins drain into the...
coronary sinus (then drains into the right atrium)
38
Coronary artery disease: angina pectoris
temporary deficiency in myocardial blood supply (narrowed coronary vessels). Characterised by thoracic pain, myocardial cells weaken but do not die
39
Coronary artery disease: myocardial infarction
prolonged coronary artery blockage, ischaemic myocardial cell death. Myocardium is replaced by non-contractile scar tissue (weakens heart). Left ventricle damage most serious
40
Left side of the heart is what type of pump
systemic pump
41
Right side of heart is what type of pump
pulmonary pump
42
Blood always moves down a pressure gradient from an area of
high pressure to low pressure
43
The pulmonary circuit is supplied by
the right ventricle. Short, low pressure circulation
44
The systemic circuit is supplied by
the left ventricle. Long, high pressure circulation. Encounters 5 x more resistance to blood flow as the pulmonary circuit
45
Summary of blood flow through the heart:
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus - right atrium - right AV valve - right ventricle - pulmonary SL valve - pulmonary trunk - lungs - left atrium - left AV valve - left ventricle - aortic SL valves
46
The myocardium includes cardiac...
pacemaker cells (auto rhythmic cells)
47
Pacemaker cells have an
unstable resting membrane potential, and continually depolarise to generate action potentials
48
5 components of the intrinsic conduction system:
1. sinoatrial node 2. atrioventricular node 3. atrioventricular bundle 4. bundle branches 5. purkinje fibres
49
Sinoatrial node
right atrial wall, inferior to entry point of superior vena cava, depolarises the fastest. Acts as a pacemaker and determines heart rate
50
Atrioventricular node
at the junction between the atria and the ventricles
51
Atrioventricular bundle
aka bundle of His, in the upper interventricular septum, only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
52
Bundle branches
travel in the interventricular septum to the apex
53
Purkinje fibres
subendothelial conducting network, penetrate ventricle walls, depolarise ventricular myodcardium
54
What is extrinsic innervation
ANS modifies the activity of the heart
55
2 functions of the cardiac centres in the medulla oblongata:
1. cardioacceleratory centre increases heart rate and force of contraction (dilation) 2. cardioinhibitory centre decreases heart rate
56
What is electrocardiography?
cardiac electrical events can be detected (action potentials)
57
What is an electrocardiogram?
a graphic record of heart activity
58
P wave
depolarisation of the atria, beginning at the SA node
59
QRS complex
depolarisation of the ventricles, atrial repolarisation is masked by this complex
60
T wave
repolarisation of the ventricles
61
ECG order of events
1. atrial depolarisation causes the P wave 2. the impulse is delayed at the AV node 3. ventricular depolarisation, begins at the apex and causes the QRS complex 4. ventricular depolarisation is complete 5. ventricular repolarisation begins at apex, causing the T wave 5. ventricular repolarisation is complete
62
Systole
periods of contraction
63
Diastole
periods of relaxation (in between heart beats)
64
Atrial systole
atria contract, completely filling the relaxed ventricles with blood
65
Ventricular systole begins (first phase)
ventricular contraction beginning at the apex, pushing blood upwards and closes the AV valves but pressure not great enough to open SL valves = isovolumetric contraction (no change in ventricular blood volume)
66
Ventricular systole begins (second phase)
ventricular pressure increases, forcing SL valves open and pushing blood out of the ventricles = ventricular ejection
67
Ventricular diastole (early)
as the ventricles relax, arterial blood flows backwards and closes the SL valves
68
Isovolumetric relaxation (no change in ventricular blood volume)
blood flows into the relaxed atria but the AV valves remain closed
69
Ventricular diastole (late)
all heart chambers are relaxed, the AV valves are open, blood moves passively from the atria to the ventricles to 70% of their final volume
70
When heart rate increases all phases are..
shortened (less time for passive filling)
71
Auscultation
listening to body sounds
72
Heart beat (S1 and S2) =
"lubb-dupp"
73
Lubb =
closure of the AV valves
74
Dupp =
closure of the SL valves
75
Heart murmur
swishing sound as blood backflows through an incompetent valve
76
Aortic valve
sounds heard in 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin
77
Pulmonary valve
sounds heard in 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin
78
Mitral valve
sounds heard over apex in line with middle clavicle
79
Tricuspid valve
sounds typically heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space
80
Electrical + Mechanical Events
P wave = atrial depolarisation = atrial systole QRS complex = ventricular depolarisation = ventricular systole T wave = ventricular repolarisation = ventricular diastole
81
Cardiac output is
the volume of blood pumped (into the systemic circuit) by the left or right ventricle in one minute
82
Cardiac output formula
SV x HR
83
Stroke volume is
volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle per beat (mL)
84
End diastolic volume (EDV)
the volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of its relaxation period (just before it contracts)
85
End systolic volume (ESV)
the volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after it has contracted
86
Stroke volume =
EDV - ESV
87
EDV is determined by...
1. venous return (the amount of blood returning to the heart from systemic or pulmonary circuits 2. passive filling time (time both the atria and ventricles are in diastole 3. contractility (amount of force produced during a contraction
88
Contractility
amount of force produced during a contraction. Greater contractility = higher SV = lower ESV = higher CO
89
EDV is increased by...
sympathetic stimulation of ventricular myocardium, hormones, high levels of extracellular calcium, exercise
90
EDV is decreased by...
acidosis (low ECF pH) and increased extracellular K+ levels
91
Preload =
the degree the myocardium is stretched before it contracts = determines force of ventricular myocardial contraction = determines SV
92
Afterload (ESV) =
the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to open the semilunar valves to eject blood into the arteries
93
Bradycardia is
a condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal
94
Tachycardia is
a condition in which the heart rate is faster than normal

BMA (3 decks)

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