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BMA > MODULE 5 > Flashcards

MODULE 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive tract includes:

A

mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

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2
Q

Accessory organs include

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gall bladder, liver and pancreas

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3
Q

The six processes of digestion

A

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

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4
Q

Ingestion is… and involves…

A

taking food into the digestive tract… lips and tongue

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5
Q

Propulsion is…

A

moving food through the digestive tract, swallowing (voluntary).

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6
Q

Propulsion: peristalsis is…

A

alternate waves of muscle contraction and relaxation

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7
Q

Mechanical digestion is… and involves…

A

physically breaking the food up into smaller fragments so it can be chemically digested… mouth (chewing and mixing food with saliva), stomach (churning and mixing with gastric juice), small intestine (segmentation > mixes food with digestive juices and aids nutrient absorption

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8
Q

Chemical digestion is where…

A

enzymes break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks. Begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine

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9
Q

Absorption is the…

A

passage of digested end products from the digestive tract lumen into the blood or lymph

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10
Q

Defecation is the…

A

elimination of indigestible substances, in the form of faeces, from the body via the anus

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11
Q

The mucosa

A

innermost layer, rich in secretory cells, contains capillaries, contains smooth muscle layer, contains lymphoid follicles

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12
Q

The submucosa

A

external to the mucosa, contains elastic tissue, rich supply of: blood vessels, nutrient absorption lymphatic vessels, parasympathetic = increased motility and secretion. Sympathetic = decreased motility and secretion

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13
Q

The muscularis externa

A

surrounds the submucosa, contains two smooth muscle layers, inner circular, outer longitudinal the circular muscle can form sphincters (act as valves to control the passage of food)

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14
Q

The serosa

A

outermost layer, protection of the digestive tract, anchors the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity

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15
Q

The oral cavity

A

Lined by stratified, squamous epithelium continually replaced due to abrasion

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16
Q

Digestive functions of the oral cavity

A

ingestion, mastication, mixing food with saliva, taste sensation, initiating chemical digestion of carbs by enzymes in saliva, propulsion (swallowing)

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17
Q

Salivary glands includes…

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

18
Q

Saliva is

A

under parasympathetic control

19
Q

Saliva consists of

A

water, mucin protein > mucous, enzymes, antimicrobial proteins (antibodies, lysozyme, defensins)

20
Q

Functions of saliva

A

mucous moistens and lubricates food, aids in bolus formation, dissolves food chemicals and facilitates taste, contains enzymes (amylase) that begin chemical digestion of carbs

21
Q

Function of the pharynx and oesophagus

A

propulsion of food to the stomach

22
Q

Oblique muscle function

A

pummels the food and rams it into the small intestine

23
Q

Stomach mucosa

A

Lining of simple columnar epithelium, mucosa contains gastric pits

24
Q

Gastric pits contain cells which produce…

A

Hydrochloric acid (activates pepsin, denatures proteins), pepsin (chemical digestion of protein), mucous (protect mucosa from HCl), hormones (gut motility and secretion)

25
Q

The mucosal barrier contains…

A

bicarbonate rich fluid under an insoluble mucous on the stomach wall, mucosal epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, damaged mucosal epithelial cells shed and quickly replaced

26
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

storage of food, mechanical digestion, initiates chemical digestion of proteins, absorption, propulsion (to the small intestine).

27
Q

Small intestine: duodenum

A

curls around the pancreas, receives bile and pancreatic juice for chemical digestion

28
Q

Small intestine: jejunum

A

major site of mechanical and chemical digestion and absorption

29
Q

Small intestine: ileum

A

ends at the large intestine

30
Q

Small intestine functions

A

nutrient absorption, large surface area, circular folds and villi also increase surface area. Propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, nutrient absorption.

31
Q

Circular folds

A

deep, permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa

32
Q

Villi

A

finger-like projections of the mucosa, absorptive epithelial cells bound by tight junctions (nutrient and electrolyte absorption), contains a capillary bed and a wide lymph capillary, movement enhances absorption.

33
Q

Microvilli

A

very small, densely packed villi on the surface of individual absorptive epithelial cells (form the brush border)

34
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

Plasma membrane contains brush border enzymes that complete carbohydrate, protein and nucleic acid digestion

35
Q

Segmentation (mechanical digestion)

A

breaks up the chyme (liquified food) into even smaller portions

36
Q

Chemical digestion

A

chyme is delivered slowly, from the stomach and mixed with digestive juices and bile. Alkaline intestinal mucous and pancreatic juice help to neutralise acidic chyme. Brush border enzymes assist with digestion

37
Q

Peristalsis

A

moves indigestible foodstuff into large intestine

38
Q

Absorption

A

end products of digestion, water, vitamins and electrolytes are absorbed across the single epithelial cell layer of the mucosa and into the capillaries or lymphatic circulation within the villi

39
Q

Nutrients (water soluble) absorbed into

A

blood, travel in the hepatic portal vein to the liver

40
Q

Nutrients (lipid soluble) absorbed into

A

the lymphatic circulation, enter the blood at the thoracic duct

BMA (3 decks)

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