Module 1 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Arteries
A
Carry blood away from heart
2
Q
Veins
A
carry blood to the heart
3
Q
capillaries
A
exchange of gases between tissues
4
Q
pulmonary circuit
A
blood to lungs
5
Q
systemic circuit
A
blood to rest of body
6
Q
heart is surrounded by
A
pericardium
7
Q
layers of pericardium
A
outer fibrous and inner serous
8
Q
histology of heart wall
A
epicardium (outer), myocardium, endocardium (inner)
9
Q
right ventricle
A
pumps for low pressure pulmonary circuit
10
Q
left ventricle
A
pumps high pressure for systemic circuit
11
Q
2 preventions of back flow of blood
A
atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
12
Q
systole
A
contraction
13
Q
diastole
A
relaxation
14
Q
Electrical events of the cardiac cycle
A
P wave -atrial depolarization
QRS complex -ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization
T wave -ventricular repolarization
PR interval-AV node delay
ST segment –entire ventricle is depolarized
15
Q
Cardiac output (CO)
A
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
16
Q
Layers of arteries and veins
A
tunica intima, media and externa
17
Q
Branches of the arch of the aorta
A
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
18
Q
What is the function of blood vessels?
A
Vascular highways’ that transport blood around the body to meet demands
19
Q
Arterioles
A
regulate blood flow into tissues
20
Q
Venules
A
carry away waste from tissues
21
Q
Pulse pressure
A
difference between systolic & diastolic pressures. It is this pressure difference we can feel when taking our pulse
22
Q
Mean arterial pressure
A
the average pressure during each cardiac cycle
23
Q
MAP =
A
diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic –diastolic)
MAP = CO x TPR
24
Q
Blood flow to any given organ depends on
A
- resistance of local arterioles
2. vascularisation/open capillaries
25
Baroreceptors
regulates short-term responses in MAP
26
Long-term regulation of MAP
Left atrial volume receptors and Hypothalamic osmoreceptor
27
nasal septum
central wall of bone dividing the nasal cavity
28
Lateral wall of nasal cavity + function
conchae- increase the surface area
29
Pharynx divisions
Nasopharynx: from floor of skull to soft palate,
Oropharynx: from soft palate to hyoid bone
Laryngopharynx: from hyoid bone to oesophagus
30
Larynx
voice box, connects the pharynx to the trachea
31
larynx ligaments
Superior (vestibular) ligaments; Vestibular folds: false vocal cords
Inferior (vocal) ligaments; Vocal folds: true vocal cords
32
Trachea function
filter, warm, humidify air
| splits at carina to primary bronchi
33
The Bronchi branches
Primary bronchus
Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
34
bronchioles branches
terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
35
Pulmonary ventilation and Boyle’s Law
Increasing volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation decreases intrapulmonary pressure
36
2 Pleura cavities
visceral (no pain) and parietal (pain)
37
Breathing types
Eupnea - quiet
| hypereunpea - fast forced
38
Goblet cells produce?
mucin an mucous glands
39
venous return
volume of blood returning to heart each minute
40
blow flow is directly proportional to.....
pressure gradient
41
korokoff sounds
turbulent sounds of blood flow
42
diastole is pressure ______ the cuff
below
43
systole is pressure _____ the cuff
above
44
airflow is directly proportional to
pressure gradient
45
alveolus
gas filled air space
46
surfactant
mixture of detergent like liquids that decrease water cohesiveness and reduce surface tension
47
premature babies lack_____
surfactant - alveoli may collapse between breaths
48
compliance
stretchy
49
lung compliance is determined by
distensibility of lung tissue
| alveolar surface tension
50
respiratory volumes
tidal
inspiratory
expiratory
residual
51
respiratory capacities
inspiratory
functional residual
vital
total
52
dead space
air never used in gas exchange
53
2 ventilation types
pulmonary
| alveolar
54
spirometry
lung function test used to differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases
55
gas exchange by diffusion
- partial pressure gradient
- thickness and surface area
- ventilation and perfusion
56
2 forms of oxygen transport
- bound to haemoglobin
| - dissolved in plasma
57
haemoglobin contains...
4 oxygen molecules
58
loading and unloading is regulated by:
partial pressure
temperature
blood hydrogen levels
59
3 ways of Carbon dioxide transport
dissolved in plasma
bound to haemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in plasma
60
Amount of CO2 transported is affected by
02 levels
61
2 neural mechanisms
medullary respiratory
| pons respiratory
62
medullary respiratory 2 neural clusters
ventral and dorsal respiratory group
63
pons respiratory
fine tune breathing during activity
64
what has greatest influence on respiration and ventilation
CO2
65
breathing during exercise can be caused by,
psychological anticipation of exercise
| motor activation
66
Lung diseases
asthma, bronchitis, TB, cancer, sleep apnea
67
Which vessel brings blood directly into the right atrium?
superior vena cava
68
atrioventricular (AV) valve
prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
69
During the period of ventricular filling, ________.
blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles
70
blood vessel resistance is determined by
blood vessel radius
71
inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume
72
Which determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
73
The receiving chambers of the heart
right and left atria
74
foramen ovale
connected the two atria in the fetal heart
75
which ligament produces sounds
vocal ligament
76
Expain how the respiratory system can function to influence acid balance
When we exhale carbon dioxide it has the ability to neutralise the pH in our body, if carbon dioxide remained in our body for too long it will mix with water and produce hydrogen ions that drop the pH in our body.
77
what to goblet cells produce
mucin- humidifies air
78
During inspiration the volume of the lungs expands which causes pressure in the alveoli to
become lower than the atmospheric pressure
79
3 things that affect air flow
1. Resistance of airway passages
2. Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
3. Lung compliance
80
What are the three main factors that affect gas exchange?
1. Partial pressure gradient
2. Thickness and surface area of exchange membranes
3. Ventilation-perfusion coupling
81
What are some ways that haemoglobin loading and unloading is regulated by?
* Partial pressure of oxygen
* Temperature
* Hydrogen ions
82
What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is carried in blood?
1. Dissolved in plasma
2. Bound to haemoglobin within red blood cells
3. As bicarbonate ions in plasma
83
2 left & 2 right pulmonary veins
| from each lung carry
```
oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood to the left
atrium
```
84
1 left & 1 right pulmonary
| artery carry
```
oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood to each
lung
```
85
Right ventricle pumps into
Pulmonary trunk
86
what vessel supplies the heart with blood
coronary arteries
87
how does blood get back to the heart
through superior vena cava
88
coronary circulation
hearts own blood supply
89
list bloow flow through heart
(blue) SUP + INF vena cava, RA, RV, pulmonary trunk...
to lungs..
(red) in through 4 pulmonary veins, LA, LV, Aorta
90
fissures in left lung
oblique
91
fissures in right lung
oblique and horizontal (3 lobes)
92
muscles used in quiet breathing
diaphragm, ext intercostals
93
muscles used in forced breathing
accessory and int intercostals
94
mechanical phases of cardiac cycle
- ventricular filling
- isovolumetric contraction
- ventricular ejection
- isovolumetric relaxation
95
pressure changes in in cardiac cycle
valves open when pressure is higher in first compartment.
| valves close when pressure is higher in next compartment. (direction of blood flow).
96
partial pressure gradient
difference in partial pressure between blood &
| surrounding structures
