Revision

Question 1

Meiosis II is not completed in the oocyte until

Answer 1

fertilisation

Question 2

ADH promotes….

Answer 2

insertion of aquaporins in collecting tubule membrane

Question 3

Plasma clearance is the

Answer 3

volume of plasma that is completely removed of a substance in one minute

Question 4

What is the status of the oocyte immediately preceding ovulation?

Answer 4

haploid, secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II

Question 5

GRAM - colour and gram + colour

Answer 5

• pink

+ purple

Question 6

In normal circumstances, the largest volume of blood is located in the

Answer 6

large veins

Question 7

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant healthcare associated pathogen.

What makes this bacterial pathogen so important?

Answer 7

It can cause different diseases including pyogenic infections and toxin-mediated infections, spreads easily through the health care setting and is difficult to treat due to resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics

Question 8

when can you hear Korotkoff

Answer 8

the pulse can be heard clearly only when the pressure in the cuff is between the systolic and diastolic pressures

Question 9

Which of the following values could be measured using a spirometer?

Answer 9

tidal volume, vital capacity and inspiratory reserve volume

Question 10

Which one of these are properties that contribute to the classification of viruses?

Answer 10

Whether it has DNA or RNA and how the nucleic acid is arranged, structure of the virus particle and symmetry of the capsid

Question 11

The plicae circulares

Answer 11

are duplications of the mucous membrane

Question 12

Severe combined immunodeficiency diseases are caused by

Answer 12

genetic deficiencies in T cell development and function

Question 13

he stage of infection where malaria infects red blood cells, T cells are most likely activated to respond to the malarial antigens in which site?

Answer 13

spleen

Question 14

The rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane is influenced by

Answer 14

surface area of respiratory membrane

Question 15

The intratubular compartment of the testis is made up of

Answer 15

seminiferous tubules, epithelium, sperm cells, Sertoli cells

Question 16

T cell antigen recognition

Answer 16

T cell receptors only recognise protein antigens when they are degraded into short peptides and displayed on MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells

Question 17

role of PAMPS

Answer 17

activate DC cells to express signal 2 and indicate there is a danger

Question 18

costimulatory signal

Answer 18

PAMPS telling T cells there is danger using costimulatory molecule receptor

Question 19

B cells

Answer 19

secrete antibodies

Question 20

T cells

Answer 20

become CTL cells which kill cells

and T helper cells which help B cells make antibodies

Question 21

ways antibodies act

Answer 21

neutralisation
opsonisation
activation of complement system
triggering of mast cells to make histamine

Question 22

DC

Answer 22

major antigen presenting cell in activation of naive cell

Question 23

signal 1

Answer 23

T cell receptor binding MHC - Ag peptide

Question 24

what expresses costimulatory signal

Answer 24

DC when its activated by a PAMP via Toll like receptor

Question 25

absence of signal 2 leads to

Answer 25

T cell tolerance - trained to not kill that antigen.

Question 26

CD4 and CD8

Answer 26

CD4- t helper cells | CD8 - CTL cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

Question 27

how does adaptive immune response recognise antigens

Answer 27

BCR- recognises epitope of antigen | TCR - recognises short peptides of antigen, bound to APC on an MHC molecule

Question 28

phagocytosis

Answer 28

killing of cell by engulfing it

Question 29

adaptive responses to bacterial killing

Answer 29

- B cells making antibodies which act to kill cells - T help cells helping B cells do this - CTL cells killing antigens - BCR and TCR recognise antigens and proliferate or differentiate

Question 30

growth conditions in the lab

Answer 30

- temp - oxygen level - amount of nutrients - pH level

Question 31

Koch's postulates and what doesnt qualify

Answer 31

- shown in all cases of disease - grown in pure culture - cause disease in healthy animal - be isolated and shown to be the same as the original wont work if they only infect humans and cant be grown in lab environment

Question 32

liver blood supply

Answer 32

venous and arerial portal vein carries deoxygenated blood hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood

Question 33

inflammation steps

Answer 33

release of cytokines and chemokines by innate immune cells. leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow margination - neutrophils cling to capillary wall diapedesis- neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries chemotaxis- follow chemical trail

Question 34

Implantation of blastocyst steps

Answer 34

- day 7: trophoblast cells proliferate to cytropoblast cells and syncytriotropoblast cells - day 9: blastocyst burrows into lining and gets sealed off. embryoblast cells differentiate into epiblast (fetus) and hypoblast (yolk sac) - day 12: implantation complete

Question 35

why do women use POP

Answer 35

history of: hypertension, stoke and DVT

Question 36

What are some of the common causes for infertility in males? In females?

Answer 36

males - dilation of paniform plexus and vas deferens blockage females - ovarian disfunction (PCOS, endo), endocrine abnormalitles (hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction) and implantation abnormalities (luteul and progesterone production deficiency)

Question 37

What are some of the methods used to assess infertility

Answer 37

ways to assess: blood test, ultra sound, xray, AMH test, semen analysis, DNA fragment test, sperm angulation test.

Question 38

What are the hormones used in a typical cycle of IVF and their roles

Answer 38

FSH - follicle growth hCG- act as LH and promote ovulation GnRH antagonist - suppress natural ovulation Progesterone- given after implantation for luteal support.

Question 39

5. Describe how the ascending limb contributes to the formation of the medullary osmotic gradient & what this does to the filtrate entering the distal & collecting tubules

Answer 39

The asc loop pumps nacl out which contributes to an increase of institutial fluid concentration and lower filtrate concentration entering the distal and collecting tubule.

Question 40

6. Under what conditions is ADH released from the posterior pituitary? What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts?

Answer 40

An increase in ECF concentration causes the posterior pituitary to release ADH, which promotes the insertion of aquaporins in the apical membrane of collecting tubule, which increases water permeability