Module 2 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
propulsion
A
movement of food through gi tract- peristalsis
2
Q
secrretion
A
release of enzymes
3
Q
segmentation
A
back and forth churning of food in small intestine
4
Q
layers of gi tract
A
mucosa - inner
sub mucosa
muscularis
tunica serosa - outer
5
Q
parietal peritoneum
A
lines body wall
6
Q
visceral peritoneum
A
lines organs
7
Q
retroperitineal
A
outside cavity
8
Q
intraperitoneal
A
within cavity, in a glad wrap sack
9
Q
mesentary
A
contains blood and lymph vessels an veins
10
Q
stomach mesentaries
A
lesser, greater (outside curve)
11
Q
stomach sphincters
A
pylorus
12
Q
rugae
A
folds in stomach (grooves)
13
Q
blood supply of GI tract
A
celiac trunk- sup meseneric artery - inf mesenteric artery
14
Q
unpaired organs get blood from
A
unpaired blood vessels
15
Q
celiac trunk blood supply
A
liver, stomach and spleen
16
Q
sup mesenteric artery blood supply
A
duodenum and pancreas
17
Q
inf mesenteric artery blood supply
A
sigmoid colon, upper rectum
18
Q
duodenum function
A
mixing bowl, has pancreas, entry point for bile and pancreatic juice
19
Q
jejinum fuction and where it starts
A
absorption, starts at duodeno-jejunal flexure
20
Q
ileum function
A
absorbs B12, salts and things not already absorbed
21
Q
3 circular folds
A
villi, microvilli and plicae
22
Q
circular folds functions
A
increase SA for nutrient absorption
slows food passage
23
Q
large intestine function
A
water and electrolyte absorption
makes faeces
conatins 4 colons
24
Q
liver functions
A
secretes plasma proteins stores fat soluble vitamins makes bile breaks down chyme aids fat digestion
25
liver blood supply
gets O2 rich and O2 poor blood
26
ligaments in liver
coronary - suspends diaphragm from liver
| and faliciform - secures liver to abdominal wall
27
4 liver lobes
right ( bare area), left, quadrant an caudate
28
gallbladder
concentrates bile an stores it
29
pancreas functions (exo and endo)
exocrine- produces pancreatic juice
| endocrine - produces insulin ans glucagon
30
enzymatic breakdown
Mechanism of digestion
31
mechanisms of absorption
involve materials passing through enterocytes (active or passive)
32
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose,galactose
33
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
34
Polysaccharides
starch,
| non-starch
35
Amylase
acts on polysaccharides
| & disaccharides
36
Disaccharidases
act on disaccharides
(maltase,
sucrase, lactase)
37
fibre
cant be absorbed but helps move food along GI tract and feed bacteria in large intestine
38
Pepsin
acts on proteins
39
Pancreatic proteases
act on
protein
fragments
40
Aminopeptidases
act on protein
| fragments
41
Proteins must be digested into
small peptides or amino acids before they can
| be absorbed
42
Fats
- Triglycerides
– Sterols
– Short-chain fatty acids
43
Triglycerides must be digested into
monoglycerides or fatty acids before they can be absorbed
44
Lipase
acts on triglycerides
45
Emulsification
Bile salts break down large fat globules into smaller fat
| droplets, increasing surface area for lipase enzymes
46
Micelle formation.
Free fatty acids and monoglycerides join bile salts
| forming micelles
47
Kidneys
filter waste products from
the bloodstream & convert the filtrate
into urine
48
Ureters
transport urine from kidney
| to bladder via peristalsis
49
Urinary bladder:
storage of urine
50
Urethra
transports urine from
| bladder to outside of the body
51
Function of kidney
regulation of blood volume, regulation of bloods ion balance, acid base balance
52
renal fascia
dense irregular
tissue; anchors the kidney to
surrounding tissues
53
adipose capsule
fat with
adipose tissue: cushioning
and insulation
54
renal capsule
dense connective
tissue: maintains kidney shape;
protects from pathogens
55
urine transport pathway
minor calices, major calices, renal pelvis and ureter
56
arteries of kidney
```
RSIAI-
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
```
57
renal corpuscle
produces a filtrate of blood and is composed of a capillary network called the glomerulus
58
glomerulus
surrounded by the glomerular capsule (Bowman capsule)
59
Ureter layers
mucosa, muscularis, adventina
60
urinary bladder trigone
triangular area of urinary bladder. functions as a funnel to direct urine to urethra
61
Internal urethral
| sphincter
```
prevents the
simultaneous passage
of sperm and urine
through the male
urethra
```
62
Glomerular filtration
filters the blood- produces a cell-and protein-free
| filtrate
63
Tubular reabsorption
selectively
moves substances from the filtrate
back into the blood to reclaim what the
body needs
64
Tubular secretion
selectively adds
substances from the blood into the
filtrate
65
Hydrostatic pressure
forces fluids & solutes
| through a membrane
66
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
volume of filtrate formed
| each minute by the kidneys
67
Countercurrent multiplier
interaction between flow of filtrate through
ascending & descending nephron limbs
establishes the gradient
68
Countercurrent exchanger
flow of blood through ascending & descending portions
| of vasa recta preserves the gradient
69
what creates osmotic gradient
nephron loops
70
Benefits to countercurrent mechanisms
- establishes a vertical osmotic gradient
| - allows kidney to excrete dilute urine when dehydrated
71
Variable water reabsorption is
| regulated by
ADH
72
Vasa recta
preserve the vertical osmotic gradient –
| countercurrent exchangers
73
Nephrons
create the vertical osmotic gradient –
| countercurrent multipliers
74
Distal & collecting tubules
use the vertical osmotic gradient to
| adjust urine concentration
75
Kidney diseases
Acute Kidney Injury , Chronic kidney disease
76
celiac trunk supplies...
above transverse mesocolon and stomach
77
kidneys are suspended in:
renal capsule, adipose capsule and renal fascia (inner)
78
The key processes of urine formation in order of occurrence are
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
79
function of nephron
It’s function is to filter out waste and toxins from the blood, regulate the concentration of water and solutes in blood. Through this it produces urine.
80
GFR is directly proportional to:
1. Net filtration pressure
2. Total surface area for filtration
3. Filtration membrane permeability
81
explain ADH action when dehydrated
ADH is released by posterior pituitary upon increase ECF conc. it then promotes the insertion of aquaporins on the distal and collecting tubule, which allows for more water reabsorption and the body can rehydrate itself
82
what happens when we are overhydrated and have no ADH
Distal and collecting tubules are impermeable to water
83
explain why osmolarity gradient is important
establishes the gradient to concentrate more urine
allows dilute urine to be excreted
allows for water reabsorption
84
what is the counter current multipier
loop of henle: flow of filtrate moving opposite directions each side creating the gradient. difference in permeability to water and salt creates a flow and ongoing cycle
85
whats counter current exchanger
vasa recta blood vessels preserve the concentration gradient
86
what do distal and collecting tubules do
use the vertical gradient to adjust urine concentration
