Module 1: cells Flashcards

(58 cards)

1
Q

Define a cell

A

basic unit of life

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2
Q

What is the cell theory

A

basic units of living organization and function in all organisms and all cells come from other cells

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3
Q

Define plasma membrane function

A

surrounds cell: contains pump and gate: regulate passage of material in/out

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4
Q

3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic: no nucleus: simple

  1. ) small then eukaryotic cells: visible with light scope
  2. ) DNA is not enclosed in nuclear membrane
  3. ) Doesn’t contain many of internal membrane bound organelles
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5
Q

where does metabolic process occur in prokaryotic cells

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

What do ribosomes do in prokaryotic cells

A

synthesize protein composed of RNA

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7
Q

Define Endospore

A

durable cell that can lie dormant: often released by bacteria under adverse conditions

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8
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A
10-100x larger than prokaryotic
have nuclear membrane and nucleus
have membrane bound organelles
nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope 
Nucleus contains DNA and control center of cell
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9
Q

Define chromosome

A

packaged and organized form of DNA in a cell

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10
Q

Define Gene

A

material that determines which proteins synthesized in ribosome

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11
Q

What is mRNA and what is its function

A

messenger RNA

transfer DNA to ribosome

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12
Q

what is rRNA and its function

A

ribosomal RNA: takes and transfers ribosomes: synthesized in nucleolus

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13
Q

What is a ribosome and its function

A

looks like small granule: contain rRNA and enzyme to form protein from amino acid
tiny plant cell assemble protein

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14
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum( ER)

A

maze of tightly packed sac like structure that forms compartments in cytoplasm-
changes when ribosomes are present
extension of outer membrane of nucleus

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15
Q

What is SER and RER

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum
“rough” because ribosome are present
“smooth” synthesizes lipids
Both have enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions

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16
Q

Cytoplasm( cytosol) define

A

fluid portion of nucleus and all organelles outside of nucleus

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17
Q

Define Golgi Complex

A

an organelle made up of a stack of flattened cisterna

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18
Q

What is function of Gogi Complex

A

responsible for receiving lipid and protein synthesized by ER, alter the structure and ships to other parts of the cell

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19
Q

Define a Lysosome and its function

A

small sac of digestive enzyme produced by golgi complex
breaks down biomacromolecules that originate outside/insdie of cell: protein, lipid, carb, nucleic acid
Once broken into building blocks-> molecules made into new biomacromolecules
also can fuse with other vesicle containing harmful bacteria and destroy its componenets

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20
Q

What is Tay-Sachs

A

genetic condition in which the digestive enzyme is lacking inside lysosome causing a buildup of lipid in the brain
if left untreated can cause intellectual disability or death

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21
Q

What are mitochondria

A

organelle responsible for converting chemical energy from food into ATP

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22
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate: fuel for most cellular chemical reactions

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23
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen is required to break down food
CO2, H20 and ATP are produced
further process of breaking down food into ATP to be used

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24
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

protein fibers provide structural support and movement in cell

25
What is inter membrane space
between inner/outer membrane: has many folds which increase surface area, allowing ample room for chemical reaction to transfer energy in food to ATP
26
What are microtubules
Microtubules: hollow cylinder: move chromosome in cell division instruct cilia and flagella to project from cells
27
What are cilia
short, many found in humans along respiratory passageway for trapping and moving debris
28
What are flagella
long whip like structure: typically found on sperm
29
What is a centriole
9 sets of 3 attached tubules arranged to form a hollow center- similar to flagella
30
What are microfilaments
flexible, solid fibers made of 2 intertwine polymer chains of actin molecules: has 2 daughter cells: myosin and actin: cause muscle contraction
31
What is a cell coat
made up of polysaccharide side chains, project out of protein, lipid which equal cell membrane
32
do plant and animal cells have a cell wall
yes and contain cellulose
33
Do bacteria cell walls have cellulose
no- they have peptidoglycan
34
What is a light microscope
compound: has several lenses- light must pass through the speciman
35
What is a electron microscope
microscope magnifies 250,000x resolution of 10,000x of human eye
36
transmission microscope
specimen cut into thin sections- each passed under electron bean forms image on photographic plate or fluorescent screen
37
Scanning microscope
produces 3D picture
38
What is phospholipid bilayer
2 component: lipid and protein
39
what is structure and function of lipid bilayer
amphipathic layer with polar( hydrophilic head) and hydrophobic tail heads face out because attracted to H20 tails are fluid motion: allow lipid to rotate and move
40
What is cholesterol
stabilizer against heat and cold
41
What are different proteins within phospholipid bilayer
integral: span across lipid bilayer peripheral: located on outer/inner surface of membrane
42
What is selective permeability
allow select materials to pass through membrane only going one way nutrient go in/ waste goes out
43
what are the 3 methods for crossing selective permeable membrane
diffusion, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis
44
What is diffusion
small particle move from area of large concentration to small concentration flow continues until evenly distributed occurs naturally when particle collide: also named passive transport( perfume)
45
What is concentration gradient
difference in concentration of a substance from one place to another
46
What is osmosis
diffusion of water: 3 terms for relationship between water and solute solution: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
47
What is isotonic
equal amount of solute on either side membrane
48
what is hypotonic
solute outside of cell is less than inside: water is higher outside of cell-> causes water to move inward-> increases size of cell
49
What is hypertonic
solute outside of cell is more than inside: water is lower inside of cell than outside-> movement of water naturally flow from greater concentration ( inside the cell) to lower outside
50
What is facilitated diffusion
diffusion of lipid soluble molecule across a membrane- usually by integral proteins
51
What is active transport
molecule pumped from area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration requires more energy as molecules don't like to move this way
52
Sodium Potassium Pump define
maintain electrical imbalance across the membrane important in cell life ions: because polar in nature need protein to chess membrane
53
Function of Sodium Potassium Pump
ATP is needed as cells keep (Na+) to outside of cell after diffusing in Phosphate from ATP bind to carrier protein-> change protein shape and enable Na+ to be released outside membrane K+ actively returned to inside of cell after being diffused outside-> accomplished by K+ ion bind to carrier protein, change shape to origin As shape changes: allows phosphate group and K+ ion released into cell Active transport maintains gradient Pump maintains electrical gradient across membrane which used to conduct nerve impulses
54
What are biomacromolecules
ex: protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide- because of lg size can't move across membrane
55
What is exocytosis
process of biomacromolecule in vesicle fuses with cell membrane ejecting it from the cell: exos= going out
56
What is endocytosis
process of biomacromolecule outside of cell in cell membrane forms vesicle in cell: endo=bring in:
57
What are the 3 methods of endocytosis and describe each one
Phagocytosis: endocytosis of lg objects-> cell enclosed in vesicle, fuses with lysosome inside cell and digested Pinocytosis: endocytosis of tiny drops of fluid-> like phagocytosis-> cell membrane pinches inward w/o needing to use pseudopod to injest material Receptor mediated endocytosis: proteins role in cell membrane: info is transferred from one cell to another
58
How do proteins aid in receptor mediated endocytosis
Integral binds with ligand( signal protein) Integral responsible for transfer Ligand= changes shape and enzymes activated Enzymes catalyze energy release from ATP which powers cell