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Anatomy and Physiology > module 6 endocrine system > Flashcards

module 6 endocrine system Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Which system works closely with the endocrine and coordinates various activities of the body

A

nervous

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2
Q

In nervous what do neurons release that influence excitability of other neuron

A

neurotransmitters

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3
Q

How does endocrine system interact with the rest of the body

A

hormones released into blood stream

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4
Q

Does the nervous system act faster than endocrine

A

yes

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5
Q

What allows cells to react to hormones

A

have specific receptors

“lock and key”

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6
Q

What is a hormone

A

organic chemical produced by 1 set of cells affect different set of cell

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of hormones

A

chemical messenger influence metabolism of recipiant
have specific organ/action
proteins coded for by gene and synthesized within cytoplasm at ribosome
eventually packaged into vesicles at golgi apparatus and secreted @ plasma membrane

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8
Q

What are 2 categories of hormones

A

peptide

steroid

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9
Q

What is a peptide hormone and function

A

derived from protein, peptides, catecholamines
activate existing enzymes in cell
react quickly for short period of time

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10
Q

What is a steroid hormone and function

A

derived from cholesterol by series of metabolic reaction
act more slowly
stored in fat-> until released in plasma membrane
enter cell and nucleus freely instead of needing to interact w/cell- surface receptor
once in nucleus, steroid hormone binds with receptor-> hormone receptor complex-> activate gene lead to protein synthesis
has more sustained affect on cell because of new protein

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11
Q

What are hormones secreted by

A

glands:
endocrine( ductless, secrete contents into blood stream for distribution)
exocrine( have ducts, secrete contents into epithelial surface: salivary-> secrete amylase)

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12
Q

What is a primary endocrine organ

A

secretes hormones chemically to regulate body functions

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13
Q

What are the primary endocrine organs

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas

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14
Q

Which 3 primary endocrine organs are found in the brain

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal

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15
Q

Where can the adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid and pancreas be found

A

adrenals: lie superior to each kidney
thyroid: attach to trachea below larynx
parathyroid: imbedded into surface of thyroid
pancreas: long organ lie transversely in abdomen between kidneys and duodenum of sm. intestine

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16
Q

What is the function of secondary endocrine organs and what is included

A

secrete hormone as secondary function

includes: heart, gonads, thymus( lobular in upper thorax)

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17
Q

What is the negative feedback system

A

controls most hormones
the way for the body to maintain homeostasis
has specific set point: thermostat
once body detect sufficient hormone turns off that specific hormone production, if low levels increases or turn on hormone production

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18
Q

what is the positive feedback system

A

increases amount of hormone regulated
example: oxytocin: causes uterus to contract and as uterus contracts more oxytocin is produced increasing contractions until baby born and uterus stop contracting which then stops the production of oxytocin

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19
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

regulate internal environment and homeostasis

controls: HR, body temp, H20 balance, glandular secretion of pituitary

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20
Q

Where does the pituitary gland lie and how many sections

A

lie just below hypothalamus

2 sections: anterior and posterior

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21
Q

What is structure and function of posterior pituitary

A

connected to hypothalamus by stalk like structures

stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin

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22
Q

What are neurosecretory neurons

A

neurons in hypothalamus that respond to neurotransmitters and produce hormones

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23
Q

What is the function of ADH and Oxytocin

A

ADH( Antidiuretic hormone)- promote reabsorption of H20 from ducts which receive urine
Oxytocin: increases contractions of uterus for childbirth: can be given artificially to induce labor: stimulate release of milk from mammary gland

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24
Q

What is function of anterior pituitary gland

A

secretes following hormones: GH, Prolactin, MSH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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25
What is the function of the Growth Hormone( GH)
"Somatropic" hormone: affect physical appearance: ht and wt and bone structure cause cell growth, division, protein sythesis impact change on skeletal muscle, liver, bones
26
How does GH influence bones
promote growth of cartilaginous plate- cause osteoblast to form new bone
27
What is it called when there is too much GH in childhood and too little
too little: pituitary dwarf | too much: pituitary giant
28
What is acromeatly
overproduction of GH in adults | specifically seen in feet, hands, face( chin, nose and eyebrows)
29
what is the function of prolactin
produced only during pregnancy/childbirth nursing cause mammary gland in breast to develop and produce milk plays role in carb and fat metabolism
30
What is function Melanocyte stimulating hormone( MSH)
stimulate malanocytes ( skin) to increase synthesis of melanin
31
what is melanin
dark pigment release when exposed to sun
32
What is function of Thyroid stimulating hormone( TSH)
stimulate thyroid to produce T3 and T4
33
What is function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone( ACTH)
stimulate adrenals to produce cortisol
34
What is function of Gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH
stimulate gonads: testes and ovaries
35
What does TSH stimulate thyroid to produce
Thyroxin: T4
36
What do both T3 and T4 contain
Iodine
37
How is iodine transported
actively into thyroid- reach concentration of 25x greater than in blood
38
What is Goiter
enlarged thyroid- lack of iodine low levels of thyroxin in blood, anterior pituitary cont to produce TSH-> increased thyroid in size which is ineffective because active thyroxin can't be produced without enough iodine
39
What is the function of thryoxin
increased metabolic rate in cells-> Increased O2, # of respiratory enzymes
40
What is congenital hypothyroidism
individuals who have had decreased thyroid- hypothyroidism
41
What are symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism
reduced skeletal growth, sexual immaturity, abnormal protein metabolism- lead to intellectual disability
42
What other hormone does thyroid produce
calcitonin: decreases levels of calcium in blood and deposit Ca into bone; opposes action of parathyroid hormone
43
What is function of parathyroid gland
produce parathyroid hormone( PTH)
44
What is the interaction between PTH and Ca
PTH increase CA level in blood and decrease P | When appropriate Ca level reach parathyroid stop production through negative feedback
45
What are the actions that increase Ca
PTH cause increased Ca absorption from intestine retain Ca through excrete P @ kidneys in bones: promote osteoclasts: demineralize bone-> increase Ca in blood
46
What happens if PTH not produced in response to decrease Ca
Tetany- body shakes from continuous muscle contraction Ca plays a role in nervous conduction and muscle contraction Decreased blood Ca cause increased excitability of nerves: fire spontaneously w/o rest
47
What are the inner and outer portions of the adrenal glands called and which can be removed
inner: medulla- can be removed outer: cortex- essential to life
48
What is the function of adrenal medulla
secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood stream under stress response: fight/flight Increases blood glucose, metabolic rate, increased Breath and HR blood vessel in intestine constrict, muscles dilate-> more dilate-more stamina
49
Which hormone is used to stimulate a patient in cardiac arrest
epinephrine
50
What is function of adrenal cortex
secrete 2 classe of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid secrete sm. amount male sex hormone, very small female sex hormone
51
What is the function of glucocorticoids
most active is cortisol: under control by ACTH promote hydrolysis protein( muscle) to amino acids that enter blood stream-> lead to increase level of glucose favors fatty acid metabolism than carbs in opposition to insulin, cortisol increase blood sugar counteract inflammatory response
52
What is the function of minercorticoids
``` most active aldosterone: not under ACTH control regulate Na and K+ ion in blood primary target is kidney promotes: renal absorption of Na promotes renal excrete K+ ```
53
What is important to maintenance of BP and indirectly regulate secretion of aldosterone
Na
54
Where is pineal gland found
3rd ventricle of the brain
55
What is function of pineal gland
produce melatonin: @ night | receives nerve impulse from eyes by optic tract
56
what makes the circadian rhythm
pineal gland and melatonin person grow sleepy melatonin is high at night awake in am when daylight and melatonin is low shift worker and travel disrupt circadian rhythm
57
What are 2 types of tissue in the pancreas
exocrine: produce and secrete digestive juices by duct into small intestine endocrine: panreacti islet of langerhan: produce and secrete hormone: insulin and glucagon into blood
58
When is insulin secreted and by what
beta cells; when increased blood glucose level: after meal
59
What are functions of insulin
1.stimulate liver, fat and muscle to take and metabolic glucose 2. stimulate liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen 3. promote buildup of fate and protein: inhibit their use as energy source promotes storage of nutrients on hand during time of decreased blood glucose
60
What is glucagon
secreted from pancreas by alpha cells between eating: effects are opposite to insulin stimulate breakdown of nutrients and cause blood glucose to rise
61
what is function of kidney
produce erythropoietin- acts on bone marrow to increase release RBC to blood w/o RBC patient has anemia
62
What are the organs of female and male gonads: primary
male: testes in scrotum: produce androgens: testosterone female: ovaries in abdominal cavity: produce estrogen and progesterone
63
What is function of testosterone
essential normal development and function of sex organ in males sperm production stimulate growth of penis and testes cause growth of hard, beard, puberty, change voice muscle strength cause oil and sweat glands to secrete- body odor/acne influence sex drive
64
What is function of FSH and LH
FSH: cause follicle on ovary to mature before ovulation-> increased estrogen production LH: cause ovulation-> cause progesterone release to help potential fertilization of the egg and pregnancy
65
what is key to maintain pregnancy
progesterone
66
What is function of estrogen
stimulate growth uterus and vagina necessary for egg maturation secondary sex characteristic: body hair, fat distribution, breast development, regulate uterine cycle
67
Do both female and males produce all hormones
yes: varying degrees of each males have higher testosterone adrenals responsible for production of hormones
68
What is structure and function of thymus
lg size: most active in childhood w/age organ gets smaller and fatty produces thymosin which aids development of T-cells which aid immunes system.

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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