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Bacteriology > Module 1- Course Introduction > Flashcards

Module 1- Course Introduction Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

Colonization

A

the presence of bacteria on a body surface without causing disease

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2
Q

Infection

A

The invasion of a host organism’s tissues by disease causing organisms

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3
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of infection

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe that causes disease

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5
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Mechanisms by which a pathogen causes disease

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6
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

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7
Q

Transmission

A

Spread of infection from a host to another host

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8
Q

Obligate pathogen

A

Very virulent, a small number is capable of causing disease

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9
Q

Primary pathogen

A

Moderately virulent, can cause disease when present in moderate numbers

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10
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Can cause disease in large numbers when in conjunction with predisposing factors

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11
Q

Gram negative stain

A

Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, pink, Lipid A endotoxin

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12
Q

Gram positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan, no outer membrane, purple

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13
Q

Acid fast positive

A

Mycolic acid, gram positive, pink

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14
Q

Bacteria without a cell wall

A

Mollicutes (mycoplasma) and L-forms

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15
Q

Endotoxin

A

Released when the bacteria dies

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16
Q

Exotoxin

A

Made inside of the cell and released while alive

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17
Q

Plasmids

A

circular extrachromosomal elements containing virulence factors; allow transfer of virulence factors between bacterial cells

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18
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that kills bacteria

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19
Q

What test measures the serum antibody level?

A

Antibody titer

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20
Q

What increase in paired titers suggests active infection?

A

Four-fold

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21
Q

What does a titer of 1280 mean?

A

Antibody is still present when the serum is diluted to 1 part per 1280

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22
Q

What two things can ELISA test for?

A

Antigens and toxins

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23
Q

Which bacterial species require special cultures?

A

Mycoplasma, salmonella, listeria, lycobacterium, and capylobacter

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24
Q

What is the difference between the two types of PCR?

A

Conventional- agarose gel
Real-Time- Fluorescent dye

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25
Does a low or high Cycle threshold indicate the presence of a pathogen?
Low
26
Are there more antibody tests or antigen tests?
Antibody
27
Sterilization
Renders an inanimate object free of ALL microorganisms
28
Disinfection
Eliminates most microorganisms, but not spores
29
Decontamination
Reduces microorganisms until safe to handle
30
Antisepsis
Disinfection of living tissue
31
Antimicrobial
any substance that kill sor inhibits the growth of a microorganism
32
Antibiotic
a substace produced by a microorganism that can kill or inhibit other microorganisms
33
Abx that inhibit cell wall synthesis
beta lactams and glycopeptides
34
Penicillin
Beta lactam
35
Ampicillin
Beta lactam
36
Vancomycin
Glycopeptide
37
Abx that target nucleic acid synthesis
Sulfonamindes/trimethoprim-Folic acid synthesis, Fluoroquinolones, rifampin
38
Enrofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone
39
Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone
40
Abx that target protein synthesis in the ribosome
Tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloraphenicol
41
Broad spectrum abx
Effective against gram negative and positive; (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin)
42
Narrow spectrum abx
only useful against one class (penicillin, linosamides, glycopeptides, streptogramins, rifamycin)
43
Bactericidal
Kill bacteria (aminoglycocides, beta-lactams, vancomycin, quinolones, rifamycin, metronidazole)
44
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits bacterial growth (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracyclines)
45
Two kinds of Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Disk diffusion test and Broth dilution test
46
Is it better to have a low or high MIC?
Low, it takes less antimicrobial to inhibit the microbe
47
What would happen if a drug had no PAE?
(Post anti-biotic effect) would need to dose more frequently
48
Cephalosporin
Beta lactam
49
Sublactam
Beta lactam
50
Carbapenems
Beta lactam
51
Monobactams
Beta lactam
52
Adverse effects of beta lactams
Time dependent
53
Oxytetracycline
tetracycline
54
Doxycycline
Tetracycline
55
Minocycline
Tetracycline
56
Tetracycline spectrum of activity
Broad
57
Tetracycline antibacterial activity
bacteriostatic
58
Tetracycline adverse effects
Irritant, IV in horses can cause cardiovascular collapse, tooth discoloration, nephrotoxicity, time dependant, cross placental barrier
59
Gentamicin
Aminoglycocide
60
Amikacin
Aminoglycoside
61
Tobramycin
Aminoglycoside
62
Aminoglycoside spectrum of activity
Broad
63
Aminoglycocide antibacterial activity
Bactericidal
64
Aminoglycocide adverse effects
Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, concentration dependent, oxygen dependent, physically incompatible with beta lactams, cannot administer orally
65
Fluoroquinolone spectrum of activity
broad
66
Fluoroquinolone antibacterial activity
Bactericidal
67
Fluoroquinolone adverse effects
Arthropathy, ocular toxicity, synthetic, high intracellular concentration in phagocytes, rapid resistance
68
Erythromycin
Macrolide
69
Azithromycin
Macrolide
70
Clarithromycin
Macrolide
71
Macrolide mechanism
Inhibit protein synthesis
72
Macrolide spectrum of activity
Broad
73
Macrolide antibacterial activity
Bacteriostatic
74
Macrolide adverse effects
GI, intracellular accumulation
75
Sulphonamide
Sulfa drug
76
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfa drug
77
Sulfadiazine
Sulfa drug
78
Sulfa drug mechanism
Inhibit folic acid and nucleic acid synthesis
79
Sulfa drug spectrum of activity
Broad
80
Sulfa drug antibacterial activity
bacteriostatic
81
Sulfa drug effects
Allergic reactions in dogs
82
When to use four-quadrant therapy?
Infection likely, but agent unknown
83
What is covered in four-quadrant therapy?
Gram negative/positive. Aerobic/anaerobic
84
Environmentally mediated resistance
Environment is altered so antimicrobial is not effective
85
Microorganism mediated resistance
Pre-existing property of the organism makes it resistant to the antimicrobial
86
Acquired resistance
Altered microbial physiology to resistant an antimicrobial
87
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
Prevention of penetration, rapid efflux, enzymatic destruction, modification of target sites

Bacteriology (11 decks)

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