Module 2- Rods and cocci Flashcards by Gillian Russell

Characteristics of Staphyococcus

Gram positive cocci, commensal of skin and mucous membranes, aerobic

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Staphylococcus virulence factors

Coagulase

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Test for Staphylococcus

Rbabit plasma (positive = clot formation)

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Coagulase positive Staphylococcus

S. aureus
S. hyicus
S. pseudointermedius

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Staphylococcus pathogenisis

Invasion of skin or mucous membrane, inflammation, destruction of neutrophils, pus formation

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Pathogens that cause mastitis

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Nocardia

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Most common staphylococcus isolate in canine pyoderma

S. pseudointermedius

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Diseases caused by Staphylococccus pseudointermedius and S. aureus

pyoderma, otitis externa. Bumble foot (aureus)

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Disease caused by staphylococcus hyicus

Greasy pig disease (exudative dermatitis)

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Staphylococcus superantigen diseases

Staphylococal toxic shock syndrome, Staphylococcal food poisoning, Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

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Diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococcus

RARE. Nosocomial infections, colonization of catheters and implants

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Diagnosing Staphylococcus infections

Aerobic culture, cytology/gram stain, PCR

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Problems with dx Staphylococcus

Commensal of skin = false positives

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Tx Staphylococcus

Treat underlying disease (Staph is opportunistic), topical antimicrobials work best

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Resistant staphylococcus

Resistant to beta lactams, macrolide, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and sulfa.

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Is Staphylococcus zoonotic?

Yes

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Characteristics of Streptococcus

Gram positive cocci in chains, commensals of mucous membranes

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Diseases: Streptococcus equi subsp. equi

Strangles

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Strangles transmission

contaminated horses/fomites

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Which age is most susceptible to strangles

yearlings, <4mo is protected from maternal antibodies

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Signs of Strangles

dysphagia, lymphadenitits, moist cough, gutteral pouch empyema (complication0

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Diagnosis of Strangles

Microscopic, culture, Serology, PCR

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Treatment of Strangles

Most recover spontaneously, abx only effective if given before abscess formation

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Is Strangles reportable

Yes

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Strangles control

Strong immunity after infection, vaccine (can complicate dx)

How to detect Strangles carriers

Swab guttural pouch 10 days after recovery

How to determine clear of Strangles infection

3 negative swab culture/PCR (1x per week) before release from quarantine

Streptococcus canis infects...

Infects dogs and cats

Symptoms of Streptococcus canis infection

Skin ulceration, necrotizing fasciitis, sepsis, death

Streptococcus suis infects...

pigs

Is streptococcus sui zoonotic

yes

Symptoms of Streptococcus suis

septicemia, meningitis, pnuemonia, abortions, endocarditis

Disease caused by Streptococcus porcinus

Jowl abscess

Is Streptococcus iniae zoonotic

Yes

Symptoms of Streptococcus iniae infection

Septicemia, meningoencephalitis, epicarditis, cellulitis

Disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

Necrotizing fasciitis, Scarlet fever, Rheumatic fever...etc

Streptococcus pneumonia infects...

humans, guinea pigs, rodents, pets

Treatment of Streptococcus

Penicillin G

Characteristics of Enterococcus

Gram positive, opportunistic intestinal flora

Resistance in Enterococcus

Intrinsic- beta lactams, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, sulfa. Emerging- Vancomycin

Characteristics of Bacillus

Gram positive ords, aerobic, endospore-forming

Disease caused by Bacillus anthracis

anthrax

Virulence factors of Baccilus anthracis

Anti-phagocytic capsule, toxin

Diagnosis of Baccilus anthracis

McFadyean reaction stain, blue tissue and pink capsule

Three parts of Anthrax toxin

Edema factor, lethal factor, protective antigen

Pathogenesis of Baccilus anthracis

bacteria spread through the blood stream, toxin causes increased vascular permeability and cell necrosis

Transmission of Baccilus anthracis

Ingestion, inhalation, contact

Which form of Baccilus anthracis are ruminants more likely to present

Per acute septicemia (sudden death)

What form of Baccilus anthracis are humans most likely to present

Pulmonary (wool sorter's disease), cutaneous, intestinal

Postmorteum signs of Baccilus anthracis

SPlenomegally, sudden death, bacteremia, unclotted blood

Diagnosis of Baccilus anthracis

Reportable, do not open carcas, Peripheral blood smears (Mcfadyean rxn)

Treatment of Baccilus anthracis

Do not usually treat

Control of Baccilus anthracis

Vacciante

Characteristics of Listeria

Gram positive rod, facultative intracellular, can grow at low temperatures, in intestinal tract

Pathogenesis of Listeria

Ingestion/entry through mucosal wounds, intracellular growth in blood stream, microabscesses in CNS

Control of Listeria

Good silage, food safety

Presentations of Listeria

Septicemia (visceral)- monogastric animals, abortion, necrosis of spleen and liver, focal hepatic necrosis Neurologic- microabscesses on brain stem, circling, ruminants, unilateral facial paralysis

Dx Listeria

Speial Enrichment culture, culture brain stem/liver/spleen

Listeriosis tx

Not attempted usually, novax

Characteristics of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Gram positive rods, aerobic, tonsils and intestines, affects pigs and turkeys

Pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Ingested, inflammation of blood vessels

Disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Diamond skin disease (erysipelas),septicemia, endocarditis

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in sheep

Post-dipping polyarthritis

Diagnosis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

aerobic culture, PCR

Treatment of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

antimicrobials

Intrinsic resistance of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Vancomycin, aminoglycocides, Sulpha

COntrol of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Vaccinate, treat, isolate, cull

Characteristics of Corynebacterium

Gram positive, pleomorphic, aerobic, found in the soil, facultative intracellular

Infections caused by Corynebacterium

Pyogenic pyogranulomatous infections

Disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Diphtheria

Disease caused by Corynebacterium peudotuberculosis

Caseous lymphadenitis

Virulence factors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Exotoxin, phospholipase D, disease severity increases with age

Two forms of caseous lymphadenitis

Internal and external

Diagnosis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Aerobic culture, difficult to dx internal, detect antibodies using synergistic hemolysin inhibition, paired titers

Treatment of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Not curable, lance and drain

Control of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Vaccinate, biosecurity, cull

Disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in horses

Pigeon fever

Where does Corynebacterium renale colonize?

urogenital tract

Disease caused by Corynebacterium renale

Contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Corynebacterium bovis infects and causes

mice (hyperkeratosis)

Characteristics of Rhodococcus equi (hoagii)

gram positive baccili, aerobic, facultative intracellular, opporunistic in soil

Disease caused by Rhodococcus equi

Foal pneumonia

Is Rhodococcus equi zoonotic

yes

Pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi

Nodules and inflammation in lungs, cough up pus and swallow, GI infection

Dx of Rhodococcus equi

Cytology of tracheal wash, CBC and serum, radiographs, culture of bracheal wash, PCR

Treatment of RHodococcus equi

Prolonged macrolide and rifampin

Prevention of Rhodococcus equi

Colostrum, dust control, no vax

Characteristics of Nocadia

Pleomorphic, Gram positive rod, facultative intracellular, opportunistic in soil and water, sulfur granules in exudate

Pathogenesis of Nocardia

Penetrating wound infection, pleural or peritoneal empyema

Dx of Nocardia

Direct stain, acid fast, gram, aerobic culture

Tx of Nocardia

aminoglycocide + carbapenem

Characteristics of Actinomyces

Gram positive rods, aerobic and anaerobic, sulfur granules, colonizes oral biome, source of abx

Disease caused by Actinomyces bovis

Lumpy Jaw

Dx of Actinomyces

Aerobic and Anaerobic cultures

Tx of Actinomyces

prolonged penecillin G and Iodides, surgical exceision

Characteristics of dermatophilus congolensis

Aerobic gram positive rod, branching bacteria, colonizes skin, motile zoospores

Dx of Dermatophilus congolensis

Microscopic tram-track, Culture, PCR

Disease caused by Dermatophilus congolensis

Rain scald, foot rot

Tx of Dermatophilus congolensis

systemic abx (penecillin/tetracycline)

Characteristics of Trueperella pyogenes

Gram positive rod, pleomorphic, aerobic, opportunist of GI tract

Disease caused by Trueperella pyogenes

chronic purulent infections in runinants and swine

Dx of Trueperellat pyogenes

Aerobic culture

Tx of Trueperella pyogenes

Penicillin G

Characteristics of Actinobaculum suis

Anaerobic gram positive rod, commensal of prepucial mucosa in boars

Disease caused by Actinobaculum suis

porcine cystitis, pyelonephritis, renal failure

Module 2- Rods and cocci Flashcards

(105 cards)