Module 1 Microscope and Rat Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Describe anatomical position
A
Body erect with arms at sides and palms, head, and toes facing forward
2
Q
Why is anatomical position important?
A
Universally accepted position - provides consistent point of reference when talking about the body
3
Q
Define axial
A
Head, neck, trunk (vertical axis of the body)
4
Q
Define appendicular
A
Limbs (appendages or extremities)
5
Q
Define superior
A
Above
6
Q
Define inferior
A
Below
7
Q
Define anterior
A
Front
8
Q
Define posterior
A
Back
9
Q
Define ventral
A
Belly side
10
Q
Define dorsal
A
Back side
11
Q
Define medial
A
Toward the midline
12
Q
Define lateral
A
Away from the midline
13
Q
Define cephalad
A
Towards the head
14
Q
Define caudal
A
Towards the tail/feet
15
Q
Define proximal
A
Towards the head origin of a part
16
Q
Define distal
A
Away from the head origin of a part
17
Q
Define superficial
A
External/on the surface
18
Q
Define deep
A
Internal/away from surface area
19
Q
Define abdominal
A
Below ribs and above hips
20
Q
Define acromial
A
Point of shoulder
21
Q
Define antebrachial
A
Forearm
22
Q
Define antecubital
A
Anterior surface of the elbow
23
Q
Define axillary
A
Armpit
24
Q
Define brachial
A
Arm (upper portion of the upper limb)
25
Define buccal
Cheek
26
Define calcaneal
Heel of foot
27
Define carpal
Wrist
28
Define cephalic
Head
29
Define cervical
Neck
30
Define coxal
Hip
31
Define crural
Leg
32
Define digital
Fingers or toes
33
Define femoral
Thigh
34
Define fibular (peroneal)
Side of leg
35
Define frontal
Forehead
36
Define gluteal
Buttocks
37
Define hallux
Great toe
38
Define inguinal
Groin
39
Define lumbar
Lower back
40
Define mammary
Breast
41
Define manus
Hand
42
Define mental
Chin
43
Define nasal
Nose
44
Define occipital
Back of head
45
Define olecranal
Back of elbow
46
Define oral
Mouth
47
Define orbital
Bony eye socket
48
Define otic
Ear
49
Define palmar
Palm of hand
50
Define patellar
Kneecap
51
Define pedal
Foot
52
Define pelvic
Pelvis
53
Define perineal
Between the anus and external genitalia
54
Define plantar
Sole of foot
55
Define pollex
Thumb
56
Define popliteal
Back of knee
57
Define pubic
Genital
58
Define sacral
Posterior region between hip bones
59
Define scapular
Shoulder blade
60
Define sternal
Breastbone
61
Define sural
Calf
62
Define tarsal
Ankle
63
Define thoracic
Chest
64
Define umbillical
Navel
65
Define vertebral
Spine
66
What planes are being demonstrated?
67
What positions are being demonstrated?
68
What planes are being demonstrated?
69
What are the 2 body cavities?
Ventral and dorsal
70
What important organs are in the ventral cavity?
* (Thorax) heart and lungs
* (Abdomen) digestive organs - stomach, esophagus
* (Pelvis) reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum
(X)= subdivision body cavity
71
What important organs are in the dorsal cavity?
* (Cranial) brain
* (Vertebral/spine) spinal cord
(X)= subdivision body cavity
72
What is a serous membrane?
Thin, double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavities and outer surface of organs
73
What are the serous membranes and what do they do?
1. Pleura= covers lungs
2. Pericardium= covers heart
3. Peritoneum= covers organs in abdominal cavity
74
What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?
75
What are the abdominopelvic regions?
Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region
Right lateral (lumbar) region, umbilical region, left lateral (lumbar region)
Right inguinal (iliac) region, pubic (hypogastric) region, left inguinal (iliac) region
76
What organs are located in each abdominopelvic region?
* Right hypochondriac region= liver and gallbladder
* Epigastric region= stomach
* Left hypochondriac region= diaphragm and spleen
* Right lateral (lumbar) region= ascending colon of large intestine
* Umbilical region= small intestine and transverse colon of large intestines
* Left lateral (lumbar region)= descending colon of large intestines
* Right inguinal (iliac) region=cecum and appendix
* Pubic (hypogastric) region=urinary bladder
* Left inguinal (iliac) region=initial part of the sigmoid colon
77
Name the organ systems of the body
(If someone makes noise, everyone can look right down under Ricky)
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
78
What are the major components of the integumentary system and it's function?
* Skin, hair, nails
* Protects underlying tissues and organs, regulates body temperature, produces vitamin d, excretes salts and urea
79
What are the major components of the skeletal system and it's function?
* Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints
* supports body, facilitates movement, produces blood cells, bones store minerals
80
What are the major components of the muscular system and it's function?
* Muscles attached to skeleton
* Generates heat, movement by contraction (which leads to locomotion-running, walking, etc)
81
What are the major components of the nervous system and it's function?
* Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
* Helps maintain homeostasis via rapid transmission of electrical signals, sensory input, response, and integration
82
What are the major components of the endocrine system and it's function?
* Pituary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas
* helps maintain homeostasis, promotes growth and development, hormones exert their effect(s) onto target organs
83
What are the major components of the cardiovascular system and it's function?
* Heart and blood vessels
* propels blood through blood vessels, transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
84
What are the major components of the lymphatic system and it's function?
* Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
* cleanses blood of pathogens and other debris, houses lymphocytes that protect body from foreign substances, picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
85
What are the major components of the respiratory system and it's function?
* Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
* keeps blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide and contributes to acid-base balance of blood
86
What are the major components of the digestive system and it's function?
* Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines (and accessory structures including teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas)
* breaks down ingested food to smaller particles, undigested residue removed from body as feces
87
What are the major components of the urinary system and it's function?
* Kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra
* Eliminates waste from body, maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
88
What are the major components of the reproductive system and it's function?
* Male: testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, duct system (carries sperm to body exterior)--- function: provides gametes (sperm) for continuation of species
* Females: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina --- function: provides gametes (eggs), uterus houses developing fetus until birth, mammary glands provide nutrition for infant
89
Identify the organs
90
Identify the organs
91
Identify the organs
92
Identify the organs
93
Identify the organs
94
Identify the components of the microscope
95
Describe the base of microscope and its function
Bottom of microscope, provides sturdy flat surface to support and steady microscope
96
Describe the substage light of microscope and its function
Located in the base, light from lamp passes directly upward through microscope
97
Describe the light control of microscope and its function
Located on base or arm, dial allows you to adjust intensity of light passing through specimen
98
Describe the stage of microscope and its function
Platform that slide rests on while being viewed, stage has a hole in it to allow light to pass through stage and through specimen
99
Describe the mechanical stage of microscope and its function
Hold slide in position for viewing and has 2 adjustable knobs that control the precise movement of slide
100
Describe the condenser of microscope and its function
Small nonmagnifying lens located beneath stage that concentrates light on specimen. Condenser may have a knob that raises and lowers condenser to vary light delivery. Generally, the best position is close to the inferior surface of the stage
101
Describe the iris diaphragm lever of microscope and its function
Iris diaphragm- shutter within condenser that can be controlled by a lever to adjust amount of light passing through the condenser
Lever- can be moved to close the diaphragm and improve contrast.
If your field of view is too dark, you can open the diaphragm to let in more light
102
Describe the course adjustment knob of microscope and its function
Knob allows you to make large adjustments to the height of the stage to initially focus your specimen
103
Describe the fine adjustment knob of microscope and its function
Knob used for precise focusing once initial course focusing has been completed
104
Describe the head of microscope and its function
Attached to nosepiece to support the objective lens system - it also provides for attachment of eyepieces which house ocular lenses
105
Describe the arm of microscope and its function
Vertical portion of the microscope that connects base and head
106
Describe the nosepiece of microscope and its function
Rotating mechanism connected to the head - generally, it carries 3 or 4 objective lenses and permits positioning of these lenses over the hole in the stage
107
Describe the objective lenses of microscope and its function
Lenses attached to nosepiece - usually, a compound microscope has 4 objective lenses - total magnifying powers for objectives are listed in parenthesis
108
Describe the ocular lens(es) of microscope and its function
Binocular microscopes will have 2 lenses located in eyepieces at superior end of head - most ocular lenses have a magnification power of 10x - some microscopes will have a pointer and/or reticle (micrometer), which can be positioned by rotating the ocular lens
109
Define total magnification
Power of ocular lens x power of objective lens used
110
Define resolution
Ability to discriminate 2 close objects as separate
111
Define parfocal
Slide should be in focus at higher magnifications once you have properly focused at lower magnification
112
Define field
Area you're seeing through microscope
113
Define depth of field
Thickness of plane that is clearly in focus
114
Define working distance
Bottom of objective lens from surface of slide
115
Identify the parts of the body
116
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117
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118
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119
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120
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122
Identify the parts of the body
