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anthro 2b > module 10 > Flashcards

module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what was the cretaceous period of the Mesozoic Era

A
  • age of dinosaurs
  • ends with extinction of the dinosaurs
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2
Q

what is the paleocene epoch?

A

-first epoch of cenozoic era
- evidence of PRIMATE-LIKE animals, but lack ALL primate traits
- prehensile hands/feet, but NO binocular/stereoscopic vision

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3
Q

What is the Eocene Epoch?

A
  • first primates (full set of primate traits)
  • prosimian grade
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4
Q

What is the oligocene epoch?

A
  • first anthropoids
  • Catarrhines & Platyrrhines
  • Aegyptopithecus (an early fossil catarrhine)
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5
Q

What is the Miocene Epoch? (Hot chicks need water)

A
  • Hominoids & Cercopithecoids
  • No tail
  • wide diversity of apes
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6
Q

What is the Late Miocene & Pliocene Epoch?

A
  • bipedalism
  • Hominins (Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus & early homo)
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7
Q

what is the Pleistocene Epoch

A

Homo & Australopithecus

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8
Q

What is the Holocene Epoch

A

homo (currently)

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9
Q

what are the 3 early primates

A
  • Aegyptopithecus
  • Proconsul (under Miocene; genus name of a hominid)
  • Sivapithecus (under Miocene; ancestor of orangutan)
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10
Q

What were the footprints at Leotoli in East Africa?

A
  • found over 3.7 million years ago
  • evidence of bipedalism
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11
Q

what are the 4 early pliocene hominins? where were they found?

A
  • Sahelanthropus tchadensis
  • Ardipithecus Kadabba
  • Ardipithecus ramidus
  • Australopithecus anamensis
  • East & Central Africa
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12
Q

Australopithecus afrensis:
name:
- temporal span
- location
- phylogenetic status (related to whom)
- traits

A
  • 3.7 to 3 mya
  • East Africa
  • direct ancestor of humans
  • ape-like & human-like characteristics
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13
Q

what is the anatomy of bipedalism

A

foramen magnum (big hole in base of cranium) so that the spinal cord can run through

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14
Q

where is the foramen magnum located in quadrupeds vs bipeds

A
  • quadrupeds: in the back of the cranium
  • bipeds: underneath cranium for upright posture
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15
Q

what are 5 reasons/theories of the evolution of bipedalism

A
  • broader/better vision
  • keeping cool
  • efficiency of travel (more stamina)
  • tool use (hands are more free)
  • provisioning
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16
Q

what do the theories of evolution of bipedalism assume?

A

it is evolving in a savannah

17
Q

what are the 5 robust traits

A
  • big molars & premolars
  • heavy (buttressed) mandible
  • flaring zygomatic arch (to give muscles room)
  • sagittal crest
  • smaller brain
18
Q

what are the 5 gracile traits

A
  • back teeth not as big
  • jaw not as heavy
  • cheekbone not flaring
  • larger brain (in later forms)
  • no sagittal crest
19
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of robust teeth

A
  • large back teeth (molar & premolars)
  • molarized premolars (have root similar to molars)
  • small front teeth (incisors & canines)
  • disproportionate dendition
  • heavy jaw
  • big muscles
20
Q

what are 5 characteristics of Australopithecus aethiopicus? what is another name for it?

A
  • robust
  • from East Africa
  • 2.5 million years ago
  • small (ape sized) brain
  • prognathic
  • also called paranthropus aethiopicus
21
Q

what are 5 characteristics of Australopithecus africanus?

A
  • gracile
  • from South Africa
  • 3.2 to 2.5 million years ago
  • small (ape sized) brain
  • long arms relative to legs
22
Q

what are 5 characteristics of Australopithecus robustus? what is another name for it? (Red Snakes Taste Like Sewer)

A
  • robust
  • from South Africa
  • 2 to 1.5 million year ago
  • less prognathic
  • small brain (ape sized)
  • also called Paranthropus robustus
23
Q

what are 6 characteristics Australopithecus boisei? what is another name for it?

A
  • robust
  • found in East Africa
  • 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago
  • super-robust
  • flatter face
  • potentially descendant of A. aethiopicus
  • also called Paranthropus boisei
24
Q

what are 6 characteristics of Australopithecus garhi? (Go Eat Tacos Plus Spicy Shrimp)

A
  • gracile
  • from East Africa
  • 2.5 million years ago
  • prognathic
  • small brain
  • stone tool use
25
Q

what are 5 characteristics of Homo habilis?

A
  • gracile
  • early genus homo
  • bigger brain
  • possibly 2.3 million years ago
  • some split them into 2 species: H. habilis (smaller) & H. rudolfensis (larger)
26
Q

what are 3 characteristics of homo naledi?

A
  • gracile
  • from South Africa
  • cannot be dated
27
Q

what are 7 conclusions from the phylogenies of early hominins?

A
  • Is Australopithecus afarensis a common ancestor?
  • is robust grade one evolutionary clade?
  • Is early homo one species or two?
  • who made the stone tools?
  • what is the position of A. africanus?
  • robust grade hominins are NOT ancestral to homo
  • considerable parallelism
28
Q

what was the Oldowan tool tradition?

A
  • stone tools
  • Unifacial core tools
  • used for butchering animal remains
29
Q

what is Homo erectus temporal distribution

A

1.8+ million years ago

30
Q

what is Homo erectus geographical distribution?

A
  • first in East Africa
  • spread out to E. Europe, China, Java (Indonesia)
31
Q

what did some splitters split homo erectus into

A

H. ergastor & H. erectus

32
Q

what are 11 traits of Homo erectus

A

1.) large brain
2.) supra-orbital torus
3.) no chin
4.) sagittal keel (sloped/flatter skull bones)
5.) low cranial vault (roof of cranium)
6.) cranium wider near base
7.) nuchal torus (bar of bone across neck muscles allowing attachment)
8.) postorbital constriction (back of skull pinched in behind eyes)
9.) modern limb proportions
10.) thick boned
11.) heavily muscled

33
Q

what is achulean tool tradition

A
  • hand axe
  • bifacial core tool
34
Q

what are 5 characteristics of archaic Homo sapiens (or homo heidelbergensis)(Eating Burgers Hurts Big Hearts)

A

1.) 800,000 - 200,000 years before present
2.) bigger brain
3.) still question of whether to call them homo sapiens or an intermediary species
4.) better tools (Levallois technique)
5.) hunted entire carcasses

35
Q

what are 10 traits of Neandertals (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) (sorry for letting orange bats meet no tasty crispy snacks)

A

1.) supraorbital torus (big eyebrows)
2.) Platycephalic (flat head)
3.) long oblong cranium
4.) occipital bun (back of brain swells out)
5.) bigger brains than modern humans
6.) mid-facial projection
7.) no chin
8.) thick bones (heavily muscled)
9.) shorter than modern humans & shorter arms/legs
10.) chest & rib cages flare out & are larger

36
Q

what did neandertal culture include

A
  • mousterian culture (flake tools, fire, burial of dead)
  • Chatelperronion; more sophisticated in later neandertals (better tools, blades, jewelry)
37
Q

how do modern traits contrast with Neandertals? (6)

A

1.) eyebrows; no torus
2.) high rounded cranium
3.) cranial capacity is 1400 cc (less than Neandertals)
4.) flatter face
5.) chin
6.) thinner bones

38
Q

what are Denisovans?

A
  • from Eastern Asia
  • DNA was extracted from the bones of these fossils
  • they are DISTINCT from Neandertals & homo sapiens
39
Q

what are the 3 Paleolithic culture levels?

A
  • lower (Oldowan & Acheulean)
  • Middle (mousterian)
  • Upper (chatelperronian & upper paleolithic cultural traditions of anatomically modern homo sapiens)

anthro 2b (6 decks)

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