module 10 Flashcards by shantal deeb

what was the cretaceous period of the Mesozoic Era

age of dinosaurs
ends with extinction of the dinosaurs

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what is the paleocene epoch?

-first epoch of cenozoic era
- evidence of PRIMATE-LIKE animals, but lack ALL primate traits
- prehensile hands/feet, but NO binocular/stereoscopic vision

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What is the Eocene Epoch?

first primates (full set of primate traits)
prosimian grade

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What is the oligocene epoch?

first anthropoids
Catarrhines & Platyrrhines
Aegyptopithecus (an early fossil catarrhine)

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What is the Miocene Epoch? (Hot chicks need water)

Hominoids & Cercopithecoids
No tail
wide diversity of apes

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What is the Late Miocene & Pliocene Epoch?

bipedalism
Hominins (Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus & early homo)

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what is the Pleistocene Epoch

Homo & Australopithecus

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What is the Holocene Epoch

homo (currently)

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what are the 3 early primates

Aegyptopithecus
Proconsul (under Miocene; genus name of a hominid)
Sivapithecus (under Miocene; ancestor of orangutan)

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What were the footprints at Leotoli in East Africa?

found over 3.7 million years ago
evidence of bipedalism

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what are the 4 early pliocene hominins? where were they found?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus Kadabba
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis
East & Central Africa

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Australopithecus afrensis:
name:
- temporal span
- location
- phylogenetic status (related to whom)
- traits

3.7 to 3 mya
East Africa
direct ancestor of humans
ape-like & human-like characteristics

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what is the anatomy of bipedalism

foramen magnum (big hole in base of cranium) so that the spinal cord can run through

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where is the foramen magnum located in quadrupeds vs bipeds

quadrupeds: in the back of the cranium
bipeds: underneath cranium for upright posture

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what are 5 reasons/theories of the evolution of bipedalism

broader/better vision
keeping cool
efficiency of travel (more stamina)
tool use (hands are more free)
provisioning

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what do the theories of evolution of bipedalism assume?

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it is evolving in a savannah

what are the 5 robust traits

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big molars & premolars
heavy (buttressed) mandible
flaring zygomatic arch (to give muscles room)
sagittal crest
smaller brain

what are the 5 gracile traits

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back teeth not as big
jaw not as heavy
cheekbone not flaring
larger brain (in later forms)
no sagittal crest

what are the 6 characteristics of robust teeth

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large back teeth (molar & premolars)
molarized premolars (have root similar to molars)
small front teeth (incisors & canines)
disproportionate dendition
heavy jaw
big muscles

what are 5 characteristics of Australopithecus aethiopicus? what is another name for it?

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robust
from East Africa
2.5 million years ago
small (ape sized) brain
prognathic
also called paranthropus aethiopicus

what are 5 characteristics of Australopithecus africanus?

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gracile
from South Africa
3.2 to 2.5 million years ago
small (ape sized) brain
long arms relative to legs

what are 5 characteristics of Australopithecus robustus? what is another name for it? (Red Snakes Taste Like Sewer)

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robust
from South Africa
2 to 1.5 million year ago
less prognathic
small brain (ape sized)
also called Paranthropus robustus

what are 6 characteristics Australopithecus boisei? what is another name for it?

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robust
found in East Africa
2.5 to 1.5 million years ago
super-robust
flatter face
potentially descendant of A. aethiopicus
also called Paranthropus boisei

what are 6 characteristics of Australopithecus garhi? (Go Eat Tacos Plus Spicy Shrimp)

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gracile
from East Africa
2.5 million years ago
prognathic
small brain
stone tool use

what are 5 characteristics of Homo habilis?

- gracile - early genus homo - bigger brain - possibly 2.3 million years ago - some split them into 2 species: H. habilis (smaller) & H. rudolfensis (larger)

what are 3 characteristics of homo naledi?

- gracile - from South Africa - cannot be dated

what are 7 conclusions from the phylogenies of early hominins?

- Is Australopithecus afarensis a common ancestor? - is robust grade one evolutionary clade? - Is early homo one species or two? - who made the stone tools? - what is the position of A. africanus? - robust grade hominins are NOT ancestral to homo - considerable parallelism

what was the Oldowan tool tradition?

- stone tools - Unifacial core tools - used for butchering animal remains

what is Homo erectus temporal distribution

1.8+ million years ago

what is Homo erectus geographical distribution?

- first in East Africa - spread out to E. Europe, China, Java (Indonesia)

what did some splitters split homo erectus into

H. ergastor & H. erectus

what are 11 traits of Homo erectus

1.) large brain 2.) supra-orbital torus 3.) no chin 4.) sagittal keel (sloped/flatter skull bones) 5.) low cranial vault (roof of cranium) 6.) cranium wider near base 7.) nuchal torus (bar of bone across neck muscles allowing attachment) 8.) postorbital constriction (back of skull pinched in behind eyes) 9.) modern limb proportions 10.) thick boned 11.) heavily muscled

what is achulean tool tradition

- hand axe - bifacial core tool

what are 5 characteristics of archaic Homo sapiens (or homo heidelbergensis)(Eating Burgers Hurts Big Hearts)

1.) 800,000 - 200,000 years before present 2.) bigger brain 3.) still question of whether to call them homo sapiens or an intermediary species 4.) better tools (Levallois technique) 5.) hunted entire carcasses

what are 10 traits of Neandertals (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) (sorry for letting orange bats meet no tasty crispy snacks)

1.) supraorbital torus (big eyebrows) 2.) Platycephalic (flat head) 3.) long oblong cranium 4.) occipital bun (back of brain swells out) 5.) bigger brains than modern humans 6.) mid-facial projection 7.) no chin 8.) thick bones (heavily muscled) 9.) shorter than modern humans & shorter arms/legs 10.) chest & rib cages flare out & are larger

what did neandertal culture include

- mousterian culture (flake tools, fire, burial of dead) - Chatelperronion; more sophisticated in later neandertals (better tools, blades, jewelry)

how do modern traits contrast with Neandertals? (6)

1.) eyebrows; no torus 2.) high rounded cranium 3.) cranial capacity is 1400 cc (less than Neandertals) 4.) flatter face 5.) chin 6.) thinner bones

what are Denisovans?

- from Eastern Asia - DNA was extracted from the bones of these fossils - they are DISTINCT from Neandertals & homo sapiens

what are the 3 Paleolithic culture levels?

- lower (Oldowan & Acheulean) - Middle (mousterian) - Upper (chatelperronian & upper paleolithic cultural traditions of anatomically modern homo sapiens)

module 10 Flashcards

(39 cards)