Module 10 Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

mental states which cause people to engage in behavior directed toward achieving some goal or satisfying a need or desire (purposive behavior)

Question 2

What are the 3 things motivation does

Answer 2

Energizes behavior, Directs behavior and sustains behavior

Question 3

Energizes Behavior

Answer 3

This aspect of motivation deals with the question of “What motivates people?”

Question 4

Directs Behavior

Answer 4

This aspect of motivation deals with the question of choice and conflict among competing behavioral alternatives.

Question 5

Sustains Behavior

Answer 5

This aspect of motivation deals with how behavior is sustained and stopped.

Question 6

Drives

Answer 6

Desires to reduce unpleasant arousal states

Question 7

Drive Theory

Answer 7

proposes that behavior is motivated primarily by the desire to reduce unpleasant conditions of arousal which have resulted from basic physiological needs.

Question 8

Incentive theory

Answer 8

behavior is motivated by outside reinforcement or incentives versus internal forces.

Question 9

Positive Incentives

Answer 9

rewards received from taking certain actions, such as receiving a commission if you make a specific number of sales.

Question 10

Negative Incentives

Answer 10

punishments received from taking certain actions, such as getting a speeding ticket if you drive faster than the law allows.

Question 11

Optimal arousal theory

Answer 11

states that people seek to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal

Question 12

Expectancy theory

Answer 12

Describes the relationship of what people value (valence), the effort (expectancy) and the behavior, performance, or action is needed to obtain it (instrumentality).

Question 13

3 parts of the expectancy theory

Answer 13

Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence

Question 14

Expectancy

Answer 14

perceived probability that effort will lead to good performance.

Question 15

Instrumentality

Answer 15

perceived probability that good performance will lead to desired outcomes (rewards)

Question 16

Valence

Answer 16

value of expected outcomes to the individual

Question 17

Needs

Answer 17

internal states of tension that motivate a person toward some action.

Question 18

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (low to high)

Answer 18

Physiological, Security, Social, Esteem, Self-actualization

Question 19

Behavioral approach

Answer 19

Classical conditioning states that biological responses to associated stimuli energize and direct behavior. Operant learning states the primary motivator are consequences.

Question 20

Humanistic approach

Answer 20

Emphasize intrinsic sources of motivation as a person’s needs for self-actualization

Question 21

Cognitive approach

Answer 21

Human behavior is influenced by the way people think about themselves and their environment, not simply by whether they have been rewarded or punished for the behavior.

Question 22

Social learning approach

Answer 22

Integration of behavioral and cognitive approaches
Motivation is seen as the product of two main forces (expectancy and value theories), the individual’s expectation of reaching a goal and the value of that goal to the self.

Question 23

Hunger

Answer 23

largely homeostatic drive state that is turned on and off by various physiological changes in the body

Question 24

Appetite

Answer 24

is our desire to eat. Although appetite is often driven by hunger, it can also be influenced by any number of things including psychological, social-environmental, or cultural factors

Question 25

Eating Disorder

Answer 25

Is any number of complex conditions involving unhealthy patterns of eating or not eating.

Question 26

Social motivation

Answer 26

Innate human motivation to interact with other humans

Question 27

Need to affiliate

Answer 27

need to mingle with other people in the same space

Question 28

need to belong

Answer 28

a person must experience frequent, primarily positive interactions with at least a few other people

Question 29

Loneliness

Answer 29

overwhelmingly unpleasant feeling that results when there is some type of discrepancy between our perception of the interpersonal relationships we have, and the relationships we wish to have

Question 30

Human aggression

Answer 30

general term used when an individual or group carries out an act that is intended to harm another individual or group in some way

Question 31

Instrumental aggression

Answer 31

a type of aggression used to gain some personal benefit

Question 32

Hostile aggression

Answer 32

a type of aggression where the ultimate purpose is harming the victim.

Question 33

Competence motivation

Answer 33

the need to be effective in one’s life to be able to perform some action or task successfully

Question 34

Achievement motivation

Answer 34

an aspect of competence motivation which describes the motivation to attain and accomplish.

Question 35

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 35

Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people is called prosocial behavior

Question 36

Helping behaviors

Answer 36

A type of prosocial behavior where behaviors are intended to benefit another person.

Question 37

4 categories of helping behaviors

Answer 37

casual helping, emergency helping, substantial personal helping, and emotional helping

Question 38

casual helping

Answer 38

involves doing small favors for casual acquaintances

Question 39

substantial personal helping

Answer 39

putting out a lot of effort to help someone over an extended time, so that the recipient can have a benefit

Question 40

Emotional helping

Answer 40

providing care and personalized emotional support to another

Question 41

emergency helping

Answer 41

assisting someone who has an acute problem

Question 42

Altruism

Answer 42

A type of prosocial behavior where the offering of assistance to others is done without expectation of immediate reward.