module 11 immunology Flashcards
(44 cards)
innate immunity is specific/nonspecific
adaptive immunity is specific/nonspecific
innate immunity is nonspecific
adaptive immunity is specific
innate immune reponse (3)
- intitial protection against infection (already present in an individual)
- blocks entry of intruders into host cell
- rapidly eliminates intruders that manage to enter successfully
adaptive immune response (2)
- takes time to mount an attack against infection
- highly specific to a particular infection or molecule
cells in volved in innate immunity (4 types)
- phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells)
- natural killer cells
- granulocytes (mast cells)
- other granulocytic cells (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils)
types of phagocytic cells
neutrophils
monocytes/macrophages
dendritic cells
granulocytes are __ cells
granulocytes are mast cells
other granulocytic cells (3)
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
adaptive immunity cells are __
the two types are:
adaptive immunity cells are lymphocytes
the two types are: B cells and T cells
adaptive immunity B cells role
which part of immune system
function
humoral immunity
produce antibodies
adaptive immunity T cells role
which part of immune system
function
cell mediated immunity
Helper T cells (Th): Help B cells in producing antibodies (have CD4).
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): Can directly attack an intruder (have CD8).
helper T cells have CD_ and help B cells in __
helper T cells have CD4 and help B cells in antibodies
cytotoxic T cells have CD_ and can ____ an intruder
cytotoxic T cells have CD8 and can directly attack an intruder
what immunity is responsible for immunologic memory?
humoral memory
main aspect of humoral immunity
clonal selection
gut microbiome harbors __ bacteria (~__ different species)
gut microbiome harbors 100 trillion bacteria (~500 different species)
primary site of entry for pathogenic agents is
gut microbiome
4 ways gut microbiota is essential to health and immune system
- ferment otherwise indigestible carbs
- synthesize essential vitamins and metabolites
- prevent growth of pathogenic species
- stimulate maturation of immune system
despite benefits, gut microbiome poses a constant __ to immune system
despite benefits, gut microbiome poses a constant threat to immune system
gut microbiome as a threat to the immune system
- breakdown of host-microorganism relationship (leads to chronic inflammation or bacteraemia)
- intestinal immune system faces unique challenges
- intestinal immune system may overreact to microbiota and dietary antigens (damages intestinal tissue or alters metabolic function of the microbiota)
what unique challenges does the intestinal immune system
- enormous microbial load
- high degree of microbial diversity
- vast surface area
- frequent challenges from pathogens in food and water
the gut minimises microbial-epithelial cell contact in 3 ways:
- mucus layer
- anti-microbial proteins
- immunoglobulins
mucus layer is produced by __ and composed of __
mucus layer is produced by goblet cells and composed of mucin glycoproteins
mucus layer in large intetine
viscous gel-like layer composed of dense inner layer that is resistant to bacterial penetration, and a loose outer layer
mucus layer small intestine
lacks distinct layers and is discontinuously secreted.
Some pathogens have evolved specific strategies to penetrate mucus layer (modifying surrounding pH, using flagella to move through the layer, etc.)
